Related
[1,2,3].forEach(function(el) {
if(el === 1) break;
});
How can I do this using the new forEach method in JavaScript? I've tried return;, return false; and break. break crashes and return does nothing but continue iteration.
There's no built-in ability to break in forEach. To interrupt execution you would have to throw an exception of some sort. eg.
var BreakException = {};
try {
[1, 2, 3].forEach(function(el) {
console.log(el);
if (el === 2) throw BreakException;
});
} catch (e) {
if (e !== BreakException) throw e;
}
JavaScript exceptions aren't terribly pretty. A traditional for loop might be more appropriate if you really need to break inside it.
Use Array#some
Instead, use Array#some:
[1, 2, 3].some(function(el) {
console.log(el);
return el === 2;
});
This works because some returns true as soon as any of the callbacks, executed in array order, return true, short-circuiting the execution of the rest.
some, its inverse every (which will stop on a return false), and forEach are all ECMAScript Fifth Edition methods which will need to be added to the Array.prototype on browsers where they're missing.
Use Array#every
[1, 2, 3].every(v => {
if (v > 2) {
return false // "break"
}
console.log(v);
return true // must return true if doesn't break
});
There is now an even better way to do this in ECMAScript2015 (aka ES6) using the new for of loop. For example, this code does not print the array elements after the number 5:
const arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
for (const el of arr) {
console.log(el);
if (el === 5) {
break;
}
}
From the docs:
Both for...in and for...of statements iterate over something. The main difference between them is in what they iterate over. The for...in statement iterates over the enumerable properties of an object, in original insertion order. The for...of statement iterates over data that iterable object defines to be iterated over.
Need the index in the iteration? You can use Array.entries():
for (const [index, el] of arr.entries()) {
if ( index === 5 ) break;
}
You can use every method:
[1,2,3].every(function(el) {
return !(el === 1);
});
ES6
[1,2,3].every( el => el !== 1 )
for old browser support use:
if (!Array.prototype.every)
{
Array.prototype.every = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();
var thisp = arguments[1];
for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this &&
!fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this))
return false;
}
return true;
};
}
more details here.
Quoting from the MDN documentation of Array.prototype.forEach():
There is no way to stop or break a forEach() loop other than
by throwing an exception. If you need such behaviour, the .forEach() method is the wrong tool, use a plain loop instead. If you are testing the array elements for a predicate and need a boolean return value, you can use every() or some() instead.
For your code (in the question), as suggested by #bobince, use Array.prototype.some() instead. It suits very well to your usecase.
Array.prototype.some() executes the callback function once for each element present in the array until it finds one where callback returns a truthy value (a value that becomes true when converted to a Boolean). If such an element is found, some() immediately returns true. Otherwise, some() returns false. callback is invoked only for indexes of the array which have assigned values; it is not invoked for indexes which have been deleted or which have never been assigned values.
Unfortunately in this case it will be much better if you don't use forEach.
Instead use a regular for loop and it will now work exactly as you would expect.
var array = [1, 2, 3];
for (var i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
if (array[i] === 1){
break;
}
}
From your code example, it looks like Array.prototype.find is what you are looking for: Array.prototype.find() and Array.prototype.findIndex()
[1, 2, 3].find(function(el) {
return el === 2;
}); // returns 2
Consider to use jquery's each method, since it allows to return false inside callback function:
$.each(function(e, i) {
if (i % 2) return false;
console.log(e)
})
Lodash libraries also provides takeWhile method that can be chained with map/reduce/fold etc:
var users = [
{ 'user': 'barney', 'active': false },
{ 'user': 'fred', 'active': false },
{ 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
];
_.takeWhile(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
// => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
// The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
// => objects for ['barney']
// The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, ['active', false]);
// => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
// The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, 'active');
// => []
If you would like to use Dean Edward's suggestion and throw the StopIteration error to break out of the loop without having to catch the error, you can use the following the function (originally from here):
// Use a closure to prevent the global namespace from be polluted.
(function() {
// Define StopIteration as part of the global scope if it
// isn't already defined.
if(typeof StopIteration == "undefined") {
StopIteration = new Error("StopIteration");
}
// The original version of Array.prototype.forEach.
var oldForEach = Array.prototype.forEach;
// If forEach actually exists, define forEach so you can
// break out of it by throwing StopIteration. Allow
// other errors will be thrown as normal.
if(oldForEach) {
Array.prototype.forEach = function() {
try {
oldForEach.apply(this, [].slice.call(arguments, 0));
}
catch(e) {
if(e !== StopIteration) {
throw e;
}
}
};
}
})();
The above code will give you the ability to run code such as the following without having to do your own try-catch clauses:
// Show the contents until you get to "2".
[0,1,2,3,4].forEach(function(val) {
if(val == 2)
throw StopIteration;
alert(val);
});
One important thing to remember is that this will only update the Array.prototype.forEach function if it already exists. If it doesn't exist already, it will not modify the it.
Short answer: use for...break for this or change your code to avoid breaking of forEach. Do not use .some() or .every() to emulate for...break. Rewrite your code to avoid for...break loop, or use for...break. Every time you use these methods as for...break alternative God kills kitten.
Long answer:
.some() and .every() both return boolean value, .some() returns true if there any element for which passed function returns true, every returns false if there any element for which passed function returns false. This is what that functions mean. Using functions for what they doesn't mean is much worse then using tables for layout instead of CSS, because it frustrates everybody who reads your code.
Also, the only possible way to use these methods as for...break alternative is to make side-effects (change some vars outside of .some() callback function), and this is not much different from for...break.
So, using .some() or .every() as for...break loop alternative isn't free of side effects, this isn't much cleaner then for...break, this is frustrating, so this isn't better.
You can always rewrite your code so that there will be no need in for...break. You can filter array using .filter(), you can split array using .slice() and so on, then use .forEach() or .map() for that part of array.
As mentioned before, you can't break .forEach().
Here's a slightly more modern way of doing a foreach with ES6 Iterators. Allows you to get direct access to index/value when iterating.
const array = ['one', 'two', 'three'];
for (const [index, val] of array.entries()) {
console.log('item:', { index, val });
if (index === 1) {
console.log('break!');
break;
}
}
Output:
item: { index: 0, val: 'one' }
item: { index: 1, val: 'two' }
break!
Links
Array.prototype.entries()
Iterators and generators
Destructuring assignment
Another concept I came up with:
function forEach(array, cb) {
var shouldBreak;
function _break() { shouldBreak = true; }
for (var i = 0, bound = array.length; i < bound; ++i) {
if (shouldBreak) { break; }
cb(array[i], i, array, _break);
}
}
// Usage
forEach(['a','b','c','d','e','f'], function (char, i, array, _break) {
console.log(i, char);
if (i === 2) { _break(); }
});
This is just something I came up with to solve the problem... I'm pretty sure it fixes the problem that the original asker had:
Array.prototype.each = function(callback){
if(!callback) return false;
for(var i=0; i<this.length; i++){
if(callback(this[i], i) == false) break;
}
};
And then you would call it by using:
var myarray = [1,2,3];
myarray.each(function(item, index){
// do something with the item
// if(item != somecondition) return false;
});
Returning false inside the callback function will cause a break. Let me know if that doesn't actually work.
If you don't need to access your array after iteration you can bail out by setting the array's length to 0. If you do still need it after your iteration you could clone it using slice..
[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,244,3,5,2].forEach(function (item, index, arr) {
if (index === 3) arr.length = 0;
});
Or with a clone:
var x = [1,3,4,5,6,7,8,244,3,5,2];
x.slice().forEach(function (item, index, arr) {
if (index === 3) arr.length = 0;
});
Which is a far better solution then throwing random errors in your code.
Found this solution on another site. You can wrap the forEach in a try / catch scenario.
if(typeof StopIteration == "undefined") {
StopIteration = new Error("StopIteration");
}
try {
[1,2,3].forEach(function(el){
alert(el);
if(el === 1) throw StopIteration;
});
} catch(error) { if(error != StopIteration) throw error; }
More details here: http://dean.edwards.name/weblog/2006/07/enum/
This is a for loop, but maintains the object reference in the loop just like a forEach() but you can break out.
var arr = [1,2,3];
for (var i = 0, el; el = arr[i]; i++) {
if(el === 1) break;
}
try with "find" :
var myCategories = [
{category: "start", name: "Start", color: "#AC193D"},
{category: "action", name: "Action", color: "#8C0095"},
{category: "exit", name: "Exit", color: "#008A00"}
];
function findCategory(category) {
return myCategories.find(function(element) {
return element.category === category;
});
}
console.log(findCategory("start"));
// output: { category: "start", name: "Start", color: "#AC193D" }
Yet another approach:
var wageType = types.filter(function(element){
if(e.params.data.text == element.name){
return element;
}
});
console.dir(wageType);
I use nullhack for that purpose, it tries to access property of null, which is an error:
try {
[1,2,3,4,5]
.forEach(
function ( val, idx, arr ) {
if ( val == 3 ) null.NULLBREAK;
}
);
} catch (e) {
// e <=> TypeError: null has no properties
}
//
Use the array.prototype.every function, which provide you the utility to break the looping. See example here Javascript documentation on Mozilla developer network
Agree with #bobince, upvoted.
Also, FYI:
Prototype.js has something for this purpose:
<script type="text/javascript">
$$('a').each(function(el, idx) {
if ( /* break condition */ ) throw $break;
// do something
});
</script>
$break will be catched and handled by Prototype.js internally, breaking the "each" cycle but not generating external errors.
See Prototype.JS API for details.
jQuery also has a way, just return false in the handler to break the loop early:
<script type="text/javascript">
jQuery('a').each( function(idx) {
if ( /* break condition */ ) return false;
// do something
});
</script>
See jQuery API for details.
If you want to keep your forEach syntax, this is a way to keep it efficient (although not as good as a regular for loop). Check immediately for a variable that knows if you want to break out of the loop.
This example uses a anonymous function for creating a function scope around the forEach which you need to store the done information.
(function(){
var element = document.getElementById('printed-result');
var done = false;
[1,2,3,4].forEach(function(item){
if(done){ return; }
var text = document.createTextNode(item);
element.appendChild(text);
if (item === 2){
done = true;
return;
}
});
})();
<div id="printed-result"></div>
My two cents.
If you need to break based on the value of elements that are already in your array as in your case (i.e. if break condition does not depend on run-time variable that may change after array is assigned its element values) you could also use combination of slice() and indexOf() as follows.
If you need to break when forEach reaches 'Apple' you can use
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Lemon", "Apple", "Mango"];
var fruitsToLoop = fruits.slice(0, fruits.indexOf("Apple"));
// fruitsToLoop = Banana,Orange,Lemon
fruitsToLoop.forEach(function(el) {
// no need to break
});
As stated in W3Schools.com the slice() method returns the selected elements in an array, as a new array object. The original array will not be changed.
See it in JSFiddle
Hope it helps someone.
Why don't you try wrapping the function in a Promise?
The only reason I bring it up is that I am using a function in an API that acts in a similar manner to forEach. I don't want it to keep iterating once it finds a value, and I need to return something so I am simply going to resolve a Promise and do it that way.
traverseTree(doc): Promise<any> {
return new Promise<any>((resolve, reject) => {
this.gridOptions.api.forEachNode((node, index) => {
//the above function is the one I want to short circuit.
if(node.data.id === doc.id) {
return resolve(node);
}
});
});
}
Then all you need to do is do something with the result like
this.traverseTree(doc).then((result) => {
this.doSomething(result);
});
My above example is in typescript, simply ignore the types. The logic should hopefully help you "break" out of your loop.
This isn't the most efficient, since you still cycle all the elements, but I thought it might be worth considering the very simple:
let keepGoing = true;
things.forEach( (thing) => {
if (noMore) keepGoing = false;
if (keepGoing) {
// do things with thing
}
});
you can follow the code below which works for me:
var loopStop = false;
YOUR_ARRAY.forEach(function loop(){
if(loopStop){ return; }
if(condition){ loopStop = true; }
});
Breaking out of built-in Array.prototype.map function esp in React
The key thing to note here is the use of statement return to BREAK
let isBroken = false;
colours.map(item => {
if (isBroken) {
return;
}
if (item.startsWith("y")) {
console.log("The yessiest colour!");
isBroken = true;
return;
}
});
More information here: https://www.codegrepper.com/code-examples/javascript/break+out+of+map+javascript
I know it not right way. It is not break the loop.
It is a Jugad
let result = true;
[1, 2, 3].forEach(function(el) {
if(result){
console.log(el);
if (el === 2){
result = false;
}
}
});
You can create a variant of forEach that allows for break, continue, return, and even async/await: (example written in TypeScript)
export type LoopControlOp = "break" | "continue" | ["return", any];
export type LoopFunc<T> = (value: T, index: number, array: T[])=>LoopControlOp;
Array.prototype.ForEach = function ForEach<T>(this: T[], func: LoopFunc<T>) {
for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
const controlOp = func(this[i], i, this);
if (controlOp == "break") break;
if (controlOp == "continue") continue;
if (controlOp instanceof Array) return controlOp[1];
}
};
// this variant lets you use async/await in the loop-func, with the loop "awaiting" for each entry
Array.prototype.ForEachAsync = async function ForEachAsync<T>(this: T[], func: LoopFunc<T>) {
for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
const controlOp = await func(this[i], i, this);
if (controlOp == "break") break;
if (controlOp == "continue") continue;
if (controlOp instanceof Array) return controlOp[1];
}
};
Usage:
function GetCoffee() {
const cancelReason = peopleOnStreet.ForEach((person, index)=> {
if (index == 0) return "continue";
if (person.type == "friend") return "break";
if (person.type == "boss") return ["return", "nevermind"];
});
if (cancelReason) console.log("Coffee canceled because: " + cancelReason);
}
I use return false and it works for me.
const Book = {"Titles":[
{"Book3" : "BULLETIN 3"},
{"Book1" : "BULLETIN 1"},
{"Book2" : "BULLETIN 2"}
]}
const findbystr = function(str) {
Book.Titles.forEach(function(data) {
if (typeof data[str] != 'undefined') {
return data[str];
}
}, str)
}
book = findbystr('Book1');
console.log(book);
I have this array in react
const pallete = ['#5931B5', '#7842F5', '#2EABE3', '#F2711C']
I want to create a function that will return the first hex, and then the second...
getColor(){
//What code should I have here?
return COLOR
}
This is my main function
updateArray(data){
const dataAux = data;
for(var key in dataAux.datasets) {
if (typeof dataAux.datasets[key].backgroundColor == 'undefined'){
//I want here to take the values from the first array (pallete) and give dataAux.datasets[key]... the first color, then when he reads it again the second one...
for(var i in pallete){
dataAux.datasets[key].backgroundColor = getColor(color????);
}
}
}
}
The const Data have an array of objects something like this:
{labels: [1, 2, 3], datasets: [{label: 'Undefined', pointStyle: 'line', borderColor: pallete[0],borderWidth: 3,yAxisID: "bar-y-axis",data: [1, 2, 3]},{label: 'Undefined',backgroundColor: pallete[1],pointStyle: 'line',borderColor: pallete[1],borderWidth: 3,yAxisID: "bar-y-axis",data: [2, 4, 6]}]}
There is no need to declare the other function to get the color. You can use the following code to get the color and set that as background.
getColor(index){
//What code should I have here?
return pallete[index];
}
updateArray(data){
const dataAux = data;
var i=0;
for(var key in dataAux.datasets) {
if (typeof dataAux.datasets[key].backgroundColor == 'undefined'){
//I want here to take the values from the first array (pallete) and give dataAux.datasets[key]... the first color, then when he reads it again the second one...
dataAux.datasets[key].backgroundColor = getColor(i%4);
i++;
}
}
}
This might be an overkill, but you can create an object with "memory" to provide you with colors.
function ColorProvider(){
var _this=this;
_this.colors = ['#5931B5', '#7842F5', '#2EABE3', '#F2711C'];
_this.currentIndex = 0;
_this.getNext = function() {
let returnedColor = _this.colors[_this.currentIndex];
if(_this.currentIndex == _this.colors.length-1){
_this.currentIndex = 0;
} else {
_this.currentIndex++;
}
}
}
let color = new ColorProvider();
dataAux.datasets[key].backgroundColor = getColor(color.getNext());
Excuse my archaic JavaScript practices, it's just a POC. I'm sure there is a more modern/slick to go around this, the point is having an object for it instead of primitives.
if you want to get each color on each call of function you can leverage the generator function functionality like below to get each color on each iteration of your loop:
const pallete = ['#5931B5', '#7842F5', '#2EABE3', '#F2711C']
function* getColor(arr) {
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length ; i++) {
yield arr[i]
}
}
const iterator = getColor(pallete)
console.log(iterator.next()) // { value: '#5931B5', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()) // { value: '#7842F5', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()) // { value: '#2EABE3', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()) // { value: '#F2711C', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()) // { value: undefined, done: true }
in your case, you can call the iterator.next() value inside of your loop until it reaches the undefined condition and then you need to break the loop!
[1,2,3].forEach(function(el) {
if(el === 1) break;
});
How can I do this using the new forEach method in JavaScript? I've tried return;, return false; and break. break crashes and return does nothing but continue iteration.
There's no built-in ability to break in forEach. To interrupt execution you would have to throw an exception of some sort. eg.
var BreakException = {};
try {
[1, 2, 3].forEach(function(el) {
console.log(el);
if (el === 2) throw BreakException;
});
} catch (e) {
if (e !== BreakException) throw e;
}
JavaScript exceptions aren't terribly pretty. A traditional for loop might be more appropriate if you really need to break inside it.
Use Array#some
Instead, use Array#some:
[1, 2, 3].some(function(el) {
console.log(el);
return el === 2;
});
This works because some returns true as soon as any of the callbacks, executed in array order, return true, short-circuiting the execution of the rest.
some, its inverse every (which will stop on a return false), and forEach are all ECMAScript Fifth Edition methods which will need to be added to the Array.prototype on browsers where they're missing.
Use Array#every
[1, 2, 3].every(v => {
if (v > 2) {
return false // "break"
}
console.log(v);
return true // must return true if doesn't break
});
There is now an even better way to do this in ECMAScript2015 (aka ES6) using the new for of loop. For example, this code does not print the array elements after the number 5:
const arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
for (const el of arr) {
console.log(el);
if (el === 5) {
break;
}
}
From the docs:
Both for...in and for...of statements iterate over something. The main difference between them is in what they iterate over. The for...in statement iterates over the enumerable properties of an object, in original insertion order. The for...of statement iterates over data that iterable object defines to be iterated over.
Need the index in the iteration? You can use Array.entries():
for (const [index, el] of arr.entries()) {
if ( index === 5 ) break;
}
You can use every method:
[1,2,3].every(function(el) {
return !(el === 1);
});
ES6
[1,2,3].every( el => el !== 1 )
for old browser support use:
if (!Array.prototype.every)
{
Array.prototype.every = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();
var thisp = arguments[1];
for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this &&
!fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this))
return false;
}
return true;
};
}
more details here.
Quoting from the MDN documentation of Array.prototype.forEach():
There is no way to stop or break a forEach() loop other than
by throwing an exception. If you need such behaviour, the .forEach() method is the wrong tool, use a plain loop instead. If you are testing the array elements for a predicate and need a boolean return value, you can use every() or some() instead.
For your code (in the question), as suggested by #bobince, use Array.prototype.some() instead. It suits very well to your usecase.
Array.prototype.some() executes the callback function once for each element present in the array until it finds one where callback returns a truthy value (a value that becomes true when converted to a Boolean). If such an element is found, some() immediately returns true. Otherwise, some() returns false. callback is invoked only for indexes of the array which have assigned values; it is not invoked for indexes which have been deleted or which have never been assigned values.
Unfortunately in this case it will be much better if you don't use forEach.
Instead use a regular for loop and it will now work exactly as you would expect.
var array = [1, 2, 3];
for (var i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
if (array[i] === 1){
break;
}
}
From your code example, it looks like Array.prototype.find is what you are looking for: Array.prototype.find() and Array.prototype.findIndex()
[1, 2, 3].find(function(el) {
return el === 2;
}); // returns 2
Consider to use jquery's each method, since it allows to return false inside callback function:
$.each(function(e, i) {
if (i % 2) return false;
console.log(e)
})
Lodash libraries also provides takeWhile method that can be chained with map/reduce/fold etc:
var users = [
{ 'user': 'barney', 'active': false },
{ 'user': 'fred', 'active': false },
{ 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
];
_.takeWhile(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
// => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
// The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
// => objects for ['barney']
// The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, ['active', false]);
// => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
// The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, 'active');
// => []
If you would like to use Dean Edward's suggestion and throw the StopIteration error to break out of the loop without having to catch the error, you can use the following the function (originally from here):
// Use a closure to prevent the global namespace from be polluted.
(function() {
// Define StopIteration as part of the global scope if it
// isn't already defined.
if(typeof StopIteration == "undefined") {
StopIteration = new Error("StopIteration");
}
// The original version of Array.prototype.forEach.
var oldForEach = Array.prototype.forEach;
// If forEach actually exists, define forEach so you can
// break out of it by throwing StopIteration. Allow
// other errors will be thrown as normal.
if(oldForEach) {
Array.prototype.forEach = function() {
try {
oldForEach.apply(this, [].slice.call(arguments, 0));
}
catch(e) {
if(e !== StopIteration) {
throw e;
}
}
};
}
})();
The above code will give you the ability to run code such as the following without having to do your own try-catch clauses:
// Show the contents until you get to "2".
[0,1,2,3,4].forEach(function(val) {
if(val == 2)
throw StopIteration;
alert(val);
});
One important thing to remember is that this will only update the Array.prototype.forEach function if it already exists. If it doesn't exist already, it will not modify the it.
Short answer: use for...break for this or change your code to avoid breaking of forEach. Do not use .some() or .every() to emulate for...break. Rewrite your code to avoid for...break loop, or use for...break. Every time you use these methods as for...break alternative God kills kitten.
Long answer:
.some() and .every() both return boolean value, .some() returns true if there any element for which passed function returns true, every returns false if there any element for which passed function returns false. This is what that functions mean. Using functions for what they doesn't mean is much worse then using tables for layout instead of CSS, because it frustrates everybody who reads your code.
Also, the only possible way to use these methods as for...break alternative is to make side-effects (change some vars outside of .some() callback function), and this is not much different from for...break.
So, using .some() or .every() as for...break loop alternative isn't free of side effects, this isn't much cleaner then for...break, this is frustrating, so this isn't better.
You can always rewrite your code so that there will be no need in for...break. You can filter array using .filter(), you can split array using .slice() and so on, then use .forEach() or .map() for that part of array.
As mentioned before, you can't break .forEach().
Here's a slightly more modern way of doing a foreach with ES6 Iterators. Allows you to get direct access to index/value when iterating.
const array = ['one', 'two', 'three'];
for (const [index, val] of array.entries()) {
console.log('item:', { index, val });
if (index === 1) {
console.log('break!');
break;
}
}
Output:
item: { index: 0, val: 'one' }
item: { index: 1, val: 'two' }
break!
Links
Array.prototype.entries()
Iterators and generators
Destructuring assignment
Another concept I came up with:
function forEach(array, cb) {
var shouldBreak;
function _break() { shouldBreak = true; }
for (var i = 0, bound = array.length; i < bound; ++i) {
if (shouldBreak) { break; }
cb(array[i], i, array, _break);
}
}
// Usage
forEach(['a','b','c','d','e','f'], function (char, i, array, _break) {
console.log(i, char);
if (i === 2) { _break(); }
});
This is just something I came up with to solve the problem... I'm pretty sure it fixes the problem that the original asker had:
Array.prototype.each = function(callback){
if(!callback) return false;
for(var i=0; i<this.length; i++){
if(callback(this[i], i) == false) break;
}
};
And then you would call it by using:
var myarray = [1,2,3];
myarray.each(function(item, index){
// do something with the item
// if(item != somecondition) return false;
});
Returning false inside the callback function will cause a break. Let me know if that doesn't actually work.
If you don't need to access your array after iteration you can bail out by setting the array's length to 0. If you do still need it after your iteration you could clone it using slice..
[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,244,3,5,2].forEach(function (item, index, arr) {
if (index === 3) arr.length = 0;
});
Or with a clone:
var x = [1,3,4,5,6,7,8,244,3,5,2];
x.slice().forEach(function (item, index, arr) {
if (index === 3) arr.length = 0;
});
Which is a far better solution then throwing random errors in your code.
Found this solution on another site. You can wrap the forEach in a try / catch scenario.
if(typeof StopIteration == "undefined") {
StopIteration = new Error("StopIteration");
}
try {
[1,2,3].forEach(function(el){
alert(el);
if(el === 1) throw StopIteration;
});
} catch(error) { if(error != StopIteration) throw error; }
More details here: http://dean.edwards.name/weblog/2006/07/enum/
This is a for loop, but maintains the object reference in the loop just like a forEach() but you can break out.
var arr = [1,2,3];
for (var i = 0, el; el = arr[i]; i++) {
if(el === 1) break;
}
try with "find" :
var myCategories = [
{category: "start", name: "Start", color: "#AC193D"},
{category: "action", name: "Action", color: "#8C0095"},
{category: "exit", name: "Exit", color: "#008A00"}
];
function findCategory(category) {
return myCategories.find(function(element) {
return element.category === category;
});
}
console.log(findCategory("start"));
// output: { category: "start", name: "Start", color: "#AC193D" }
Yet another approach:
var wageType = types.filter(function(element){
if(e.params.data.text == element.name){
return element;
}
});
console.dir(wageType);
I use nullhack for that purpose, it tries to access property of null, which is an error:
try {
[1,2,3,4,5]
.forEach(
function ( val, idx, arr ) {
if ( val == 3 ) null.NULLBREAK;
}
);
} catch (e) {
// e <=> TypeError: null has no properties
}
//
Use the array.prototype.every function, which provide you the utility to break the looping. See example here Javascript documentation on Mozilla developer network
Agree with #bobince, upvoted.
Also, FYI:
Prototype.js has something for this purpose:
<script type="text/javascript">
$$('a').each(function(el, idx) {
if ( /* break condition */ ) throw $break;
// do something
});
</script>
$break will be catched and handled by Prototype.js internally, breaking the "each" cycle but not generating external errors.
See Prototype.JS API for details.
jQuery also has a way, just return false in the handler to break the loop early:
<script type="text/javascript">
jQuery('a').each( function(idx) {
if ( /* break condition */ ) return false;
// do something
});
</script>
See jQuery API for details.
If you want to keep your forEach syntax, this is a way to keep it efficient (although not as good as a regular for loop). Check immediately for a variable that knows if you want to break out of the loop.
This example uses a anonymous function for creating a function scope around the forEach which you need to store the done information.
(function(){
var element = document.getElementById('printed-result');
var done = false;
[1,2,3,4].forEach(function(item){
if(done){ return; }
var text = document.createTextNode(item);
element.appendChild(text);
if (item === 2){
done = true;
return;
}
});
})();
<div id="printed-result"></div>
My two cents.
If you need to break based on the value of elements that are already in your array as in your case (i.e. if break condition does not depend on run-time variable that may change after array is assigned its element values) you could also use combination of slice() and indexOf() as follows.
If you need to break when forEach reaches 'Apple' you can use
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Lemon", "Apple", "Mango"];
var fruitsToLoop = fruits.slice(0, fruits.indexOf("Apple"));
// fruitsToLoop = Banana,Orange,Lemon
fruitsToLoop.forEach(function(el) {
// no need to break
});
As stated in W3Schools.com the slice() method returns the selected elements in an array, as a new array object. The original array will not be changed.
See it in JSFiddle
Hope it helps someone.
Why don't you try wrapping the function in a Promise?
The only reason I bring it up is that I am using a function in an API that acts in a similar manner to forEach. I don't want it to keep iterating once it finds a value, and I need to return something so I am simply going to resolve a Promise and do it that way.
traverseTree(doc): Promise<any> {
return new Promise<any>((resolve, reject) => {
this.gridOptions.api.forEachNode((node, index) => {
//the above function is the one I want to short circuit.
if(node.data.id === doc.id) {
return resolve(node);
}
});
});
}
Then all you need to do is do something with the result like
this.traverseTree(doc).then((result) => {
this.doSomething(result);
});
My above example is in typescript, simply ignore the types. The logic should hopefully help you "break" out of your loop.
This isn't the most efficient, since you still cycle all the elements, but I thought it might be worth considering the very simple:
let keepGoing = true;
things.forEach( (thing) => {
if (noMore) keepGoing = false;
if (keepGoing) {
// do things with thing
}
});
you can follow the code below which works for me:
var loopStop = false;
YOUR_ARRAY.forEach(function loop(){
if(loopStop){ return; }
if(condition){ loopStop = true; }
});
Breaking out of built-in Array.prototype.map function esp in React
The key thing to note here is the use of statement return to BREAK
let isBroken = false;
colours.map(item => {
if (isBroken) {
return;
}
if (item.startsWith("y")) {
console.log("The yessiest colour!");
isBroken = true;
return;
}
});
More information here: https://www.codegrepper.com/code-examples/javascript/break+out+of+map+javascript
I know it not right way. It is not break the loop.
It is a Jugad
let result = true;
[1, 2, 3].forEach(function(el) {
if(result){
console.log(el);
if (el === 2){
result = false;
}
}
});
You can create a variant of forEach that allows for break, continue, return, and even async/await: (example written in TypeScript)
export type LoopControlOp = "break" | "continue" | ["return", any];
export type LoopFunc<T> = (value: T, index: number, array: T[])=>LoopControlOp;
Array.prototype.ForEach = function ForEach<T>(this: T[], func: LoopFunc<T>) {
for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
const controlOp = func(this[i], i, this);
if (controlOp == "break") break;
if (controlOp == "continue") continue;
if (controlOp instanceof Array) return controlOp[1];
}
};
// this variant lets you use async/await in the loop-func, with the loop "awaiting" for each entry
Array.prototype.ForEachAsync = async function ForEachAsync<T>(this: T[], func: LoopFunc<T>) {
for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
const controlOp = await func(this[i], i, this);
if (controlOp == "break") break;
if (controlOp == "continue") continue;
if (controlOp instanceof Array) return controlOp[1];
}
};
Usage:
function GetCoffee() {
const cancelReason = peopleOnStreet.ForEach((person, index)=> {
if (index == 0) return "continue";
if (person.type == "friend") return "break";
if (person.type == "boss") return ["return", "nevermind"];
});
if (cancelReason) console.log("Coffee canceled because: " + cancelReason);
}
I use return false and it works for me.
const Book = {"Titles":[
{"Book3" : "BULLETIN 3"},
{"Book1" : "BULLETIN 1"},
{"Book2" : "BULLETIN 2"}
]}
const findbystr = function(str) {
Book.Titles.forEach(function(data) {
if (typeof data[str] != 'undefined') {
return data[str];
}
}, str)
}
book = findbystr('Book1');
console.log(book);
[1,2,3].forEach(function(el) {
if(el === 1) break;
});
How can I do this using the new forEach method in JavaScript? I've tried return;, return false; and break. break crashes and return does nothing but continue iteration.
There's no built-in ability to break in forEach. To interrupt execution you would have to throw an exception of some sort. eg.
var BreakException = {};
try {
[1, 2, 3].forEach(function(el) {
console.log(el);
if (el === 2) throw BreakException;
});
} catch (e) {
if (e !== BreakException) throw e;
}
JavaScript exceptions aren't terribly pretty. A traditional for loop might be more appropriate if you really need to break inside it.
Use Array#some
Instead, use Array#some:
[1, 2, 3].some(function(el) {
console.log(el);
return el === 2;
});
This works because some returns true as soon as any of the callbacks, executed in array order, return true, short-circuiting the execution of the rest.
some, its inverse every (which will stop on a return false), and forEach are all ECMAScript Fifth Edition methods which will need to be added to the Array.prototype on browsers where they're missing.
Use Array#every
[1, 2, 3].every(v => {
if (v > 2) {
return false // "break"
}
console.log(v);
return true // must return true if doesn't break
});
There is now an even better way to do this in ECMAScript2015 (aka ES6) using the new for of loop. For example, this code does not print the array elements after the number 5:
const arr = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
for (const el of arr) {
console.log(el);
if (el === 5) {
break;
}
}
From the docs:
Both for...in and for...of statements iterate over something. The main difference between them is in what they iterate over. The for...in statement iterates over the enumerable properties of an object, in original insertion order. The for...of statement iterates over data that iterable object defines to be iterated over.
Need the index in the iteration? You can use Array.entries():
for (const [index, el] of arr.entries()) {
if ( index === 5 ) break;
}
You can use every method:
[1,2,3].every(function(el) {
return !(el === 1);
});
ES6
[1,2,3].every( el => el !== 1 )
for old browser support use:
if (!Array.prototype.every)
{
Array.prototype.every = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();
var thisp = arguments[1];
for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this &&
!fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this))
return false;
}
return true;
};
}
more details here.
Quoting from the MDN documentation of Array.prototype.forEach():
There is no way to stop or break a forEach() loop other than
by throwing an exception. If you need such behaviour, the .forEach() method is the wrong tool, use a plain loop instead. If you are testing the array elements for a predicate and need a boolean return value, you can use every() or some() instead.
For your code (in the question), as suggested by #bobince, use Array.prototype.some() instead. It suits very well to your usecase.
Array.prototype.some() executes the callback function once for each element present in the array until it finds one where callback returns a truthy value (a value that becomes true when converted to a Boolean). If such an element is found, some() immediately returns true. Otherwise, some() returns false. callback is invoked only for indexes of the array which have assigned values; it is not invoked for indexes which have been deleted or which have never been assigned values.
Unfortunately in this case it will be much better if you don't use forEach.
Instead use a regular for loop and it will now work exactly as you would expect.
var array = [1, 2, 3];
for (var i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
if (array[i] === 1){
break;
}
}
From your code example, it looks like Array.prototype.find is what you are looking for: Array.prototype.find() and Array.prototype.findIndex()
[1, 2, 3].find(function(el) {
return el === 2;
}); // returns 2
Consider to use jquery's each method, since it allows to return false inside callback function:
$.each(function(e, i) {
if (i % 2) return false;
console.log(e)
})
Lodash libraries also provides takeWhile method that can be chained with map/reduce/fold etc:
var users = [
{ 'user': 'barney', 'active': false },
{ 'user': 'fred', 'active': false },
{ 'user': 'pebbles', 'active': true }
];
_.takeWhile(users, function(o) { return !o.active; });
// => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
// The `_.matches` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, { 'user': 'barney', 'active': false });
// => objects for ['barney']
// The `_.matchesProperty` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, ['active', false]);
// => objects for ['barney', 'fred']
// The `_.property` iteratee shorthand.
_.takeWhile(users, 'active');
// => []
If you would like to use Dean Edward's suggestion and throw the StopIteration error to break out of the loop without having to catch the error, you can use the following the function (originally from here):
// Use a closure to prevent the global namespace from be polluted.
(function() {
// Define StopIteration as part of the global scope if it
// isn't already defined.
if(typeof StopIteration == "undefined") {
StopIteration = new Error("StopIteration");
}
// The original version of Array.prototype.forEach.
var oldForEach = Array.prototype.forEach;
// If forEach actually exists, define forEach so you can
// break out of it by throwing StopIteration. Allow
// other errors will be thrown as normal.
if(oldForEach) {
Array.prototype.forEach = function() {
try {
oldForEach.apply(this, [].slice.call(arguments, 0));
}
catch(e) {
if(e !== StopIteration) {
throw e;
}
}
};
}
})();
The above code will give you the ability to run code such as the following without having to do your own try-catch clauses:
// Show the contents until you get to "2".
[0,1,2,3,4].forEach(function(val) {
if(val == 2)
throw StopIteration;
alert(val);
});
One important thing to remember is that this will only update the Array.prototype.forEach function if it already exists. If it doesn't exist already, it will not modify the it.
Short answer: use for...break for this or change your code to avoid breaking of forEach. Do not use .some() or .every() to emulate for...break. Rewrite your code to avoid for...break loop, or use for...break. Every time you use these methods as for...break alternative God kills kitten.
Long answer:
.some() and .every() both return boolean value, .some() returns true if there any element for which passed function returns true, every returns false if there any element for which passed function returns false. This is what that functions mean. Using functions for what they doesn't mean is much worse then using tables for layout instead of CSS, because it frustrates everybody who reads your code.
Also, the only possible way to use these methods as for...break alternative is to make side-effects (change some vars outside of .some() callback function), and this is not much different from for...break.
So, using .some() or .every() as for...break loop alternative isn't free of side effects, this isn't much cleaner then for...break, this is frustrating, so this isn't better.
You can always rewrite your code so that there will be no need in for...break. You can filter array using .filter(), you can split array using .slice() and so on, then use .forEach() or .map() for that part of array.
As mentioned before, you can't break .forEach().
Here's a slightly more modern way of doing a foreach with ES6 Iterators. Allows you to get direct access to index/value when iterating.
const array = ['one', 'two', 'three'];
for (const [index, val] of array.entries()) {
console.log('item:', { index, val });
if (index === 1) {
console.log('break!');
break;
}
}
Output:
item: { index: 0, val: 'one' }
item: { index: 1, val: 'two' }
break!
Links
Array.prototype.entries()
Iterators and generators
Destructuring assignment
Another concept I came up with:
function forEach(array, cb) {
var shouldBreak;
function _break() { shouldBreak = true; }
for (var i = 0, bound = array.length; i < bound; ++i) {
if (shouldBreak) { break; }
cb(array[i], i, array, _break);
}
}
// Usage
forEach(['a','b','c','d','e','f'], function (char, i, array, _break) {
console.log(i, char);
if (i === 2) { _break(); }
});
This is just something I came up with to solve the problem... I'm pretty sure it fixes the problem that the original asker had:
Array.prototype.each = function(callback){
if(!callback) return false;
for(var i=0; i<this.length; i++){
if(callback(this[i], i) == false) break;
}
};
And then you would call it by using:
var myarray = [1,2,3];
myarray.each(function(item, index){
// do something with the item
// if(item != somecondition) return false;
});
Returning false inside the callback function will cause a break. Let me know if that doesn't actually work.
If you don't need to access your array after iteration you can bail out by setting the array's length to 0. If you do still need it after your iteration you could clone it using slice..
[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,244,3,5,2].forEach(function (item, index, arr) {
if (index === 3) arr.length = 0;
});
Or with a clone:
var x = [1,3,4,5,6,7,8,244,3,5,2];
x.slice().forEach(function (item, index, arr) {
if (index === 3) arr.length = 0;
});
Which is a far better solution then throwing random errors in your code.
Found this solution on another site. You can wrap the forEach in a try / catch scenario.
if(typeof StopIteration == "undefined") {
StopIteration = new Error("StopIteration");
}
try {
[1,2,3].forEach(function(el){
alert(el);
if(el === 1) throw StopIteration;
});
} catch(error) { if(error != StopIteration) throw error; }
More details here: http://dean.edwards.name/weblog/2006/07/enum/
This is a for loop, but maintains the object reference in the loop just like a forEach() but you can break out.
var arr = [1,2,3];
for (var i = 0, el; el = arr[i]; i++) {
if(el === 1) break;
}
try with "find" :
var myCategories = [
{category: "start", name: "Start", color: "#AC193D"},
{category: "action", name: "Action", color: "#8C0095"},
{category: "exit", name: "Exit", color: "#008A00"}
];
function findCategory(category) {
return myCategories.find(function(element) {
return element.category === category;
});
}
console.log(findCategory("start"));
// output: { category: "start", name: "Start", color: "#AC193D" }
Yet another approach:
var wageType = types.filter(function(element){
if(e.params.data.text == element.name){
return element;
}
});
console.dir(wageType);
I use nullhack for that purpose, it tries to access property of null, which is an error:
try {
[1,2,3,4,5]
.forEach(
function ( val, idx, arr ) {
if ( val == 3 ) null.NULLBREAK;
}
);
} catch (e) {
// e <=> TypeError: null has no properties
}
//
Use the array.prototype.every function, which provide you the utility to break the looping. See example here Javascript documentation on Mozilla developer network
Agree with #bobince, upvoted.
Also, FYI:
Prototype.js has something for this purpose:
<script type="text/javascript">
$$('a').each(function(el, idx) {
if ( /* break condition */ ) throw $break;
// do something
});
</script>
$break will be catched and handled by Prototype.js internally, breaking the "each" cycle but not generating external errors.
See Prototype.JS API for details.
jQuery also has a way, just return false in the handler to break the loop early:
<script type="text/javascript">
jQuery('a').each( function(idx) {
if ( /* break condition */ ) return false;
// do something
});
</script>
See jQuery API for details.
If you want to keep your forEach syntax, this is a way to keep it efficient (although not as good as a regular for loop). Check immediately for a variable that knows if you want to break out of the loop.
This example uses a anonymous function for creating a function scope around the forEach which you need to store the done information.
(function(){
var element = document.getElementById('printed-result');
var done = false;
[1,2,3,4].forEach(function(item){
if(done){ return; }
var text = document.createTextNode(item);
element.appendChild(text);
if (item === 2){
done = true;
return;
}
});
})();
<div id="printed-result"></div>
My two cents.
If you need to break based on the value of elements that are already in your array as in your case (i.e. if break condition does not depend on run-time variable that may change after array is assigned its element values) you could also use combination of slice() and indexOf() as follows.
If you need to break when forEach reaches 'Apple' you can use
var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Lemon", "Apple", "Mango"];
var fruitsToLoop = fruits.slice(0, fruits.indexOf("Apple"));
// fruitsToLoop = Banana,Orange,Lemon
fruitsToLoop.forEach(function(el) {
// no need to break
});
As stated in W3Schools.com the slice() method returns the selected elements in an array, as a new array object. The original array will not be changed.
See it in JSFiddle
Hope it helps someone.
Why don't you try wrapping the function in a Promise?
The only reason I bring it up is that I am using a function in an API that acts in a similar manner to forEach. I don't want it to keep iterating once it finds a value, and I need to return something so I am simply going to resolve a Promise and do it that way.
traverseTree(doc): Promise<any> {
return new Promise<any>((resolve, reject) => {
this.gridOptions.api.forEachNode((node, index) => {
//the above function is the one I want to short circuit.
if(node.data.id === doc.id) {
return resolve(node);
}
});
});
}
Then all you need to do is do something with the result like
this.traverseTree(doc).then((result) => {
this.doSomething(result);
});
My above example is in typescript, simply ignore the types. The logic should hopefully help you "break" out of your loop.
This isn't the most efficient, since you still cycle all the elements, but I thought it might be worth considering the very simple:
let keepGoing = true;
things.forEach( (thing) => {
if (noMore) keepGoing = false;
if (keepGoing) {
// do things with thing
}
});
you can follow the code below which works for me:
var loopStop = false;
YOUR_ARRAY.forEach(function loop(){
if(loopStop){ return; }
if(condition){ loopStop = true; }
});
Breaking out of built-in Array.prototype.map function esp in React
The key thing to note here is the use of statement return to BREAK
let isBroken = false;
colours.map(item => {
if (isBroken) {
return;
}
if (item.startsWith("y")) {
console.log("The yessiest colour!");
isBroken = true;
return;
}
});
More information here: https://www.codegrepper.com/code-examples/javascript/break+out+of+map+javascript
I know it not right way. It is not break the loop.
It is a Jugad
let result = true;
[1, 2, 3].forEach(function(el) {
if(result){
console.log(el);
if (el === 2){
result = false;
}
}
});
You can create a variant of forEach that allows for break, continue, return, and even async/await: (example written in TypeScript)
export type LoopControlOp = "break" | "continue" | ["return", any];
export type LoopFunc<T> = (value: T, index: number, array: T[])=>LoopControlOp;
Array.prototype.ForEach = function ForEach<T>(this: T[], func: LoopFunc<T>) {
for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
const controlOp = func(this[i], i, this);
if (controlOp == "break") break;
if (controlOp == "continue") continue;
if (controlOp instanceof Array) return controlOp[1];
}
};
// this variant lets you use async/await in the loop-func, with the loop "awaiting" for each entry
Array.prototype.ForEachAsync = async function ForEachAsync<T>(this: T[], func: LoopFunc<T>) {
for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
const controlOp = await func(this[i], i, this);
if (controlOp == "break") break;
if (controlOp == "continue") continue;
if (controlOp instanceof Array) return controlOp[1];
}
};
Usage:
function GetCoffee() {
const cancelReason = peopleOnStreet.ForEach((person, index)=> {
if (index == 0) return "continue";
if (person.type == "friend") return "break";
if (person.type == "boss") return ["return", "nevermind"];
});
if (cancelReason) console.log("Coffee canceled because: " + cancelReason);
}
I use return false and it works for me.
const Book = {"Titles":[
{"Book3" : "BULLETIN 3"},
{"Book1" : "BULLETIN 1"},
{"Book2" : "BULLETIN 2"}
]}
const findbystr = function(str) {
Book.Titles.forEach(function(data) {
if (typeof data[str] != 'undefined') {
return data[str];
}
}, str)
}
book = findbystr('Book1');
console.log(book);
In an exercise in the book Eloquent JavaScript I need to create a list data structure (as below) based on the array [1, 2, 3].
The tutorial JavaScript Data Structures - The Linked List shows how to do this, but I don't really understand the intention to create this.start and this.end variables inside the tutorial.
var list = {
value: 1,
rest: {
value: 2,
rest: {
value: 3,
rest: null
}
}
};
I tried to solve this via the code below.
function arrayToList(array){
var list = { value:null, rest:null};
for(i=0; i<array.length-1; i++)
list.value = array[i];
list.rest = list;
return list;
}
This code gives me an infinite loop of array[0]. What's wrong with my code?
This tutorial shows how to do this but I don't really understand the intention to create this.start and this.end variables inside the tutorial.
The tutorial uses a List wrapper around that recursive structure with some helper methods. It says: "It is possible to avoid having to record the end of the list by performing a traverse of the entire list each time you need to access the end - but in most cases storing a reference to the end of the list is more economical."
This code gives me an infinite loop of array[0].
Not really, but it creates a circular reference with the line list.rest = list;. Probably the code that is outputting your list chokes on that.
What's wrong is with my code?
You need to create multiple objects, define the object literal inside the loop body instead of assigning to the very same object over and over! Also, you should access array[i] inside the loop instead of array[0] only:
function arrayToList(array){
var list = null;
for (var i=array.length-1; i>=0; i--)
list = {value: array[i], rest:list};
return list;
}
This particular data structure is more commonly called cons. Recursion is the most natural (not necessarily the most efficient) way to work with conses. First, let's define some helper functions (using LISP notation rather than "value/rest"):
function cons(car, cdr) { return [car, cdr] }
function car(a) { return a[0] }
function cdr(a) { return a[1] }
Now, to build a cons from an array, use the following recursive statement:
cons-from-array = cons [ first element, cons-from-array [ the rest ] ]
In Javascript:
function arrayToList(array) {
if(!array.length)
return null;
return cons(array[0], arrayToList(array.slice(1)));
}
And the reverse function is similarly trivial:
function listToArray(list) {
if(!list)
return [];
return [car(list)].concat(listToArray(cdr(list)));
}
function arrayToList (arr) {
var list = null;
for (var i = arr.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
list = {
value: arr[i],
rest: list
};
}
return list;
}
function prepend (elem, list) {
return {
value: elem,
rest: list
};
}
function listToArray (list) {
var arr = [];
for (var node = list; node; node = node.rest) {
arr.push(node.value);
}
return arr;
}
function nth(list, num) {
if (!list) {
return undefined;
} else if (num === 0) {
return list.value;
} else {
return nth(list.rest, num - 1);
}
}