I was testing some stuff on Console on Chrome and then I ran that piece of code:
alert() | window.confirm();
alert() || window.confirm();
My problem was to run both alert and confirm methods in a single line without using semicolon. It turns out that both | and || worked and I can't imagine why it worked, firstly because || means an OR operator which should run one of them not both and secondly | I don't know what it is. Can someone explain what happened and what else should work instead of ;?
A semicolon indicates the end of a statement.
If you aren't already aware, an expression is something which evaluates to a value. For example, 5, 'foobar', and myFn() are all expressions, because they evaluate to values.
Statements can be composed of multiple expressions. For example, const result = fn('foo') passes the 'foo' expression into the function call, and the function call returns a value which is assigned to result.
In your code, both lines are composed of two expressions, but each line happens to be a single statement. With this line:
alert() || window.confirm()
will first evaluate alert. Since alert returns undefined, the || operator then evaluates the expression on the right, which is window.confirm().
You can put multiple expressions together on the same by using operators like |, ||, or =. You can also evaluate multiple expressions by putting each as a separate statement, like
alert();
window.confirm();
Both will result in an alert box and a confirm dialog coming up.
alert() returns undefined, which is false-y. Therefore, window.confirm() will still run, for your example of ||.
As for a single pipe character |, that's a bitwise-OR, which you can read about here: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Expressions_and_Operators#Bitwise
The || is an operator, like + or /; it calculates something. In the case of ||, it calculates whether one OR the other value is true.
Normally, you'd use that in something like an if statement: if (i===0 || j===0) {...} but it's not restricted to that; for instance, you could put the result in a variable, then use it in an if statement later: have_zero = i===0 || j===0; ...; if (have_zero) {...}
The || (and &&) operators do have one special thing: if the left side determines the answer, they don't bother calculating the right side (called "short-circuit evaluation").
Here, you're calculating alert() || window.confirm(), so it calls alert(); as others have noted, this returns undefined which doesn't determine the answer to the ||, so Javascript then calls window.confirm(). The answer is then thrown away, because you're not putting it in a variable or otherwise using it, but that's OK - you wanted to call the methods, you weren't interested in the answer.
Related
For the past few hours I have been trying to find the difference between the 3, not just the difference, I also have been trying to find out which are sort of synonymous, MDN calls all declarations "statements", so I presume that is true. However, none of the articles and SO questions I read provided me with a cheatsheet of sorts to distinguish between the 3 (or the 2, expressions vs statements).
Something I have noticed with statements is that they all somehow involve a special JavaScript keyword like break or for or var. The articles say that an expression evaluates to something, while a statement performs an action. What is a function then ? Is it a statement-expression hybrid (since it both performs an action when called, and returns a value) ? Right now, I am assuming that this is not the case since a function call does not involve a JavaScript keyword.
And then there are declarations, is every declaration also a statement ?
I am also aware of expression statements like 20 + 5 * 2 / 3;, but aren't these virtually useless ? Why would anyone pollute their code with a line like this ?
I would be more than glad if someone could ask the above questions (or at least some of them), or if someone could provide me with some sort of a cheatsheet. Why is there so little material on a topic that appears to be so simple in such a popular language ?
There are standard definitions of these terms that all languages, including JS, follow. My takes on them are the following:
An expression produces a value and can be written wherever a value is expected.
A statement on the other hand is is a standalone unit of execution. It does not return anything.
A declaration is a statement in which a value is assigned to a variable.
All declarations are statements, but not all statements are declarations.
Most statements and all declarations contain expressions.
Javadoc also gives nice, succinct definitions:
An expression is a construct made up of variables, operators, and method invocations, which are constructed according to the syntax of the language, that evaluates to a single value.
Statements are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural languages. A statement forms a complete unit of execution.
Now, your theory on keywords being necessarily involved is incorrect. Here is a statement that includes a keyword:
break;
And here is one that does not:
foo();
In the first example I execute a break, whereas in the second one I call a function. Both are statements, however only one includes any special keyword.
A function is not a statement. A function call is a statement, as demonstrated above. In the case of a function that returns something, the call can also be a declaration:
var bar = foo();
And for your final question, the reason there is so little material out there on this is because this is merely an issue of semantics. People do not linger on the exact definitions of these terms.
For further clarification, I recommend taking a look at this blog post by Axel Rauschmayer that specifically talks about the difference between statements and expressions in JS.
For the past few hours I have been trying to find the difference between the 3, not just the difference, I also have been trying to find out which are sort of synonymous, MDN calls all declarations "statements", so I presume that is true.
A declaration is any construct that "declares" a variable name into existence at compile/load time before the program executes. All declared names in their respective scopes are therefore known in advance.
Statements and expressions differ from each other in that the former does not produce a value a result, whereas the latter does. So an expression may be used anywhere a value is expected, and a statement may not be used in those places.
An expression statement is one where the statement is a single expression, or several included in an expression that requires zero or more sub-expressions. While the expression(s) produce a result, the statement does not.
Here's an expression:
x = foo() + 2
A full expression statement could be explicitly shown by adding a semicolon to the end.
x = foo() + 2;
The first example can be wrapped in a set of parens, because the parens as a grouping operator expects an expression, often provided as several expressions joined by the comma operator.
The second example can not be wrapped in parens (if you include the semicolon) because then it is a statement, and does not produce a value, which the grouping operator expects to receive and return as its own value.
Something I have noticed with statements is that they all somehow involve a special JavaScript keyword like break or for or var.
While most statements do involve a keyword, not all do. Most notably, the block statement has no keyword. Instead it uses a set of curly braces to delimit its start and end.
The articles say that an expression evaluates to something, while a statement performs an action. What is a function then ? Is it a statement-expression hybrid (since it both performs an action when called, and returns a value) ? Right now, I am assuming that this is not the case since a function call does not involve a JavaScript keyword.
There are three kinds of functions in JS. If you're talking about the ones that use the function keyword, then the may be either a declaration or an expression depending on its context.
If the function is used where an expression would be expected, then it's evaluated as an expression that returns a new function object. If not, then it is expected to be a declaration, which basically creates a variable with the function object assigned to it. As a declaration, a function name is required (for the variable name). As an expression, it's optional.
I am also aware of expression statements like 20 + 5 * 2 / 3;, but aren't these virtually useless ? Why would anyone pollute their code with a line like this ?
If the resulting value is ignored, it would be useless, given that example. But here's another expression statement.
foobar();
Now we have a side effect from the function call, which is most likely desired and useful.
Let's talk about expressions first. As you say, an expression is something that evaluates to a value. A function is a value. A function call, on the other hand, is an expression.
I don't agree with the characterization of a statement as something that "performs an action". As you say, calling a function involves running the function body, which consists of statements and declarations, so it performs actions "on the inside".
A better way to look at it is that expressions, statements, and declarations are syntactic categories. They arise from trying to describe the structure of the JavaScript grammar. See e.g. the ECMAScript 8 specification on expressions, statements, and declarations.
An expression statement like 20 + 5 * 2 / 3; is indeed useless because it has no effects, and the only point of a statement is its effects. But there are other kinds of much more useful expression statements:
a function call: foo();
assignment: x = 42; (= is an operator and can be used in expressions)
increment/decrement: i++; (similarly, ++ is an operator)
Statements other than expression statements tend to start with a special keyword to avoid syntactic ambiguity: The parser wants to be able to tell what kind of construct it is dealing with right from the start. Hence we get:
if statements: if (EXPR) STMT
while statements: while (EXPR) STMT
return statements: return; or return EXPR;
etc.
However, there are some statements that don't start with a keyword:
the empty statement: ;
a block: { ... }
Finally, declarations. In JavaScript the distinction between statements and declarations is somewhat arbitrary. The grammar distinguishes between the two, but in practice you can often treat them the same (e.g. the contents of a block statement are defined as a sequence of statement list items, and a statement list item is defined to be either a statement or a declaration). Declarations include:
function declarations: function foo() { ... } (including variants such as generators (function* foo() { ... }) and asynchronous functions (async function foo() { ... }))
let and const
class declarations
(But for some reason var foo; is classified as a statement, not a declaration.)
I've got a javascript function that needs to be executed based on a boolean value. I really like to use the && operator for this (which only executes the second part if the first results in true).
someBoolean && executeFunction();
However, when JSHint checks my code, I get the following message:
Expected an assignment or function call and instead saw an expression.
I'm wondering why JSHint throws this message. I know I can easily avoid it by using a simple if statement, but I really like the simplicity of this one. Maybe I need to fiddle a bit with some JSHint configuration? Is there some hidden danger in this line of code?
Looking at these articles from Mozilla's JavaScript guide:
Expressions
Statements
expressions are also considered assignment statements. In fact, in the second article one can read "any expression is also a statement". Being acquainted with other programming languages, I thought that expressions are always values, but they never cause side effects like statements would do. In other words, 7, 7 + 8, "string", etc., are expressions, because they don't change the state, but a = 7 is a statement, since a variable has now been defined (i.e. a state has changed).
Why would Mozilla not differentiate between the two in JS?
I believe you are taking the terms "expression" and "statement" too literally. "Expressions not changing any state" is a very tough requirement for a programming language.
A thought experiment: In 7 + 8 substitute 8 with a function call to
var globalVar = 0;
function my8() {
globalVar = globalVar + 1;
return 8;
}
Is 7 + my8() a statement or an expression? There is no obvious state change happing here, but still my8 performs a state change. Using the "no side-effects" definition it would be impossible to decide if 7 + my8() is a statement or an expression without analyzing the code of the my8 function. Of course it would be possible to simply prohibit any state change as part of a function call, but that is not the way of JavaScript.
In my experience most languages define "everything which returns a value" as an expression and a statement, everything else as just a statement.
To answer your question "Why would Mozilla not differentiate between the two in JS?":
I think they do, but not in the manner you expected. To consider "everything which returns a value" an expression seems to be the most practical approach.
Also there is no contradiction between a chunk of code being a statement and an expression at the same time. That is simply how Javascript and many other languages work. Of course it is always possible to draw a more strict line between those two.
Examples:
Assignments return values, so this is possible:
a = b = c = 1;
It can be written in the more obvious form:
a = (b = (c = 1));
Because of that an assignment is considered an expression (and also a statement).
On the other hand:
if (true) { };
does not return a value (in Javascript!) and therefore is no expression (but still a statement).
An expression is a code fragment that returns some value, Expression (Computer Science):
3; // 3
{}; // Object
func(); // whatever func returns, or undefined if not specified
You can combine expressions into one compound expression:
3 + 7; // 10
{}, []; // Array. Comma operator always returns result of right-most expression
A statement is the smallest valid code fragment that can be compiled or interpreted, Statement (Computer Science):
5; // valid js
You can also combine statements into compound statements:
check || func(); // valid js
{
4 + 9;
"block statement";
}
In the Mozilla documentation, a statement refers to any (compound) statement that is explicitly or implicitly terminated by semi-colon (;).
[,,[],[,[,,],,]]; // Array declaration whose reference is returned (and ignored)
// Multi-dimensional array with empty (undefined) elements
In some programming languages the above example doesn't compile or doesn't get interpreted. Other languages might not allow for the result of an expression not to be catched.
Javascript is very expressive, which is why every expression counts as a valid statement. Some statements are not expressions, like break, return, while, etc. They don't return any value, but they control the program execution flow.
Mozilla does differentiate between the two, or rather the Javascript syntax does.
The only slightly "special" about Javascript is the following:
"any expression is also a statement",
which means that at places where a statement is required in the syntax, an expression can be used directly (but not the other way around). E.g. the following is valid Javascript but invalid in many other similar languages:
if (true) "asfd"
or
foo = function(){
if (5) {
"some text here that won't do anything";
return true;
42; // always good to have that one here!
}
}
whereas statements cannot be used as expressions:
a = (if (true) 5) // does not work "unexpected token 'if'"
They used that "feature" for the strict mode specification without introducing a new keyword or syntax - if you add the expression "use strict" as the first statement in a function body, Javascript is executed in strict mode in supporting browsers.
While expressions evaluate to a value, usually, statements do not. Most statements alter control flow, expressions usually don't (although one could argue that an expression that results in an exception being thrown alters control flow, too).
In Javascript expressions form a subset of all statements.
It's almost midnight and I just got a question in my head is "for loop" a statement or a function.
I always thought it is a statement, but I did a google search on it being a function and there are indeed results for that. So what is it? And in that case what is the difference between function and statement?
A for loop is a not usually a function, it is a special kind of statement called a flow control structure.
A statement is a command. It does something. In most languages, statements do not return values. Example:
print "Hello World"
A function is a subroutine that can be called elsewhere in the program. Functions often (but not necessarily) return values. Example:
function(a) { return a * 2 }
A control structure, also known as a compound statement, is a statement that is used to direct the flow of execution. Examples:
if (condition) then { branch_1 } else { branch_2 }
for (i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) { ... }
Also worth noting is that an expression is a piece of code that evaluates to a value. Example:
2 + 2
All examples are in pseudocode, not tied to any particular language. Also note that these are not exclusive categories, they can overlap.
Out of the three language tags you've chosen, I'm only very familliar with Python, but I believe many other languages have a similar view of these concepts. All the example code here is Python.
A statement is a thing that is executed; an "instruction to do something" that the language implementation understands. e.g.
print "Hello World"
pass
def foo(n):
return n + 1
if condition:
print 'yay'
else:
print 'doh'
The above block contains a print statement, a pass statement, a function definition statement, and an if/else statement. Note that the function definition and the if/else statement are compound statements; they contain other statements (possibly many of them, and possibly other compound statements).
An expression is something that can be evaluated to produce a value. e.g.
1
"foo"
2 * 6
function(argument)
None
The above contains a numeric literal expression, a string literal expression, an expression involving numeric operators, a function call expression, and the literal None expression. Other than literals and variables, expressions are made up of other expressions. In function(argument), function and argument are also both expressions.
The key difference is that statements are instructions that tell the language implementation to "go do something". Expressions are evaluated to a value (which possibly requires to language implementation to "go do something" on the way).
A consequence of this is that anywhere you see a value (including an expression), you could substitute any other expression and you would still get something that makes some sort of sense. It may fail to compile, or throw exceptions at runtime, or whatever, but on at least some level you can understand what's going on.
A statement can never appear inside an expression (I believe this is not true in Ruby and Javascript in some sense, as they allow literal code blocks and functions which are then used as a value as a whole, and functions and code blocks contain statements; but that's kind of different from what I'm talking about). An expression must have a value (even if it's an uninteresting one like None). A statement is a command; it doesn't make sense for it to appear as part of an expression, because it has no value.
Many languages also allow expressions to be used as statements. The usual meaning of this is "evaluate this expression to get a value, then throw it away". In Python, functions that always return None are usually used this way:
write_to_disk(result)
It's used as a "command", so it looks like a statement, but technically it's an expression, we just don't use the value it evaluates to for anything. You can argue that a "bare expression" is one of the possible statements in a language (and they're often parsed that way).
Some languages though distinguish between functions that must be used like statements with no return value (often called procedures) and functions that are used like an expression, and give you errors or warnings for using a function like a statement, and definitely give you an error for using a procedure as an expression.
So, if foo is an expression, I can write 1 + foo and while it may be result in a type error, it at least makes that much sense. If foo is a statement, then 1 + foo is usually a parse error; the language implementation won't even be able to understand what you're trying to say.
A function on the other hand, is a thing you can call. It's not really either an expression or a statement in itself. In Python, you use a def statement to create a function, and a function call is an expression. The name bound to the function after you create it is also an expression. But the function itself is a value, which isn't exactly an expression when you get technical, but certainly isn't a statement.
So, for loops. This is a for loop in Python:
for thing in collection:
do_stuff(thing)
Looks like a statement (a compound statement, like an if statement). And to prove it, this is utterly meaningless (and a parse error):
1 + for thing in collection:
do_stuff(thing)
In some languages though, the equivalent of a for loop is an expression, and has a value, to which you can attempt to add 1. In some it's even a function, not special syntax baked into the language.
This answer is relevant to Python 2.7.2. Taken from the python tutorial:
"4. More Control Flow Tools
4.2. for Statements:
The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence."
I saw somewhere else said,
x && foo();
is equal to
if(x){
foo();
}
I tested it and they really did the same thing.
But why? What exactly is x && foo()?
Both AND and OR operators can shortcut.
So && only tries the second expression if the first is true (truth-like, more specifically). The fact that the second operation does stuff (whatever the contents of foo() does) doesn't matter because it's not executed unless that first expression evaluates to something truthy. If it is truthy, it then will be executed in order to try the second test.
Conversely, if the first expression in an || statement is true, the second doesn't get touched. This is done because the whole statement can already be evaluated, the statement will result in true regardless of the outcome of the second expression, so it will be ignored and remain unexecuted.
The cases to watch out for when using shortcuts like this, of course, are the cases with operators where defined variables still evaluate to falsy values (e.g. 0), and truthy ones (e.g. 'zero').
This is known as short-circuit evaluation.
In this case, if x is False, then foo() doesn't need to be evaluated (the result of && will always be False); if x is True, it does need to be evaluated (even if the result is thrown away).
It's not exactly equivalent. The first one is an expression with a return value you can use; the second one is a statement.
If you are not interested in the return value (that is, the information whether both x and foo() evaluate to a truthy value), they are equivalent, but normally, you should use the boolean-logic version only if you want to use it as a boolean expression, e.g.:
if (x && foo()) {
do_stuff();
}
If you are only interested in running foo() conditionally (when x is truthy), the second form is to be preferred, since it conveys the intention more clearly.
A reason people might prefer the boolean-logic version might be that javascript is subject to an unusual restriction: source code size (more verbose source code means more bandwidth used); since the boolean-logic version uses less characters, it is more bandwidth-efficient. I'd still prefer the more verbose version most of the time, unless the script in question is used a lot - for a library like jQuery, using optimizations like this is perfectly justifyable, but in most other cases it's not.
In javascript, the && operator evaluates left to right and returns the value of the rightmost operation. If the first condition evaluates to false, it doesn't evaluate the second. So its a shorthand of saying "if something is not null or undefined, do something"
It is short circuiting.
The && operator works like this: It does the logical or of the two operands on both side. If the left hand side has a non zero value then the right hand side is evaluated to determine the truth value. If the left hand side is zero then whatever the right hand side be, the expression will evaluate to 0, therefore the right hand side is not evaluated. So in effect, if x is non-zero then only foo is called, and if x is 0 then foo is not called, and thus, it works like if - else in this case.