Develop Reference

How do I transform a regular url into a variable?

If i have somesite.com/thisiswhatiwant, how can I transform that into a variable and process it, without using get vars? What should I google in the first place?
The idea is to create a dynamic page structure where that part of the url will populate variables in the page and be used to return dynamic page specific queries.
Is there a framework I can use that has a way to handle this easily?
If I use javascript for this, how should I handle it to not return any 404 errors but rather just pull a templating page and then use that part of the url for developing of the page?
Thank you!

Here is how you parse the path of a url in PHP
$url = "http://somesite.com/thisiswhatiwant";
var_dump(parse_url($url, PHP_URL_PATH));

If i have somesite.com/thisiswhatiwant, how can I transform that into a variable and process it, without using get vars? What should I google in the first place?
That's simply getting the current URL and parsing it. (Which are pretty well covered in the linked questions).
You do need to get the server to execute the PHP first. This question about the front controller pattern explains that.
If I use javascript for this, how should I handle it to not return any 404 errors but rather just pull a templating page and then use that part of the url for developing of the page?
Assuming you mean client-side JavaScript: You can't.
JavaScript runs in the context of a webpage.
Get page from server
Parse HTML document
Run JavaScript that page says to run
If you 404 at step 1 then everything stops and no JS runs.

The correct terminology is vanity URLs. They are static urls that behave like dynamic urls. Dynamic urls are urls with queries which is not what we want here.
This tutorial will help.
The solution is trough the .htaccess rules as i expected.
The rest is basic php/db queries.
I still do not know of a web app framework that makes this trivial to implement, but there must be.
Here is the tutorial
http://culttt.com/2011/11/16/how-to-make-vanity-urls-using-php-htaccess-and-mysql/

I need to make a PUT request to a JSON file in an external API. I need to update specific fields

I have a JSON on an external API, and, in the documentation of the API, it instructs to use a PUT request to update records. I have read a lot on this, but I haven't found an adequate amount of information.
I will do my best to provide you with the most info I can so you can help me, specifically.
I have the url stored in a variable: $record.
The documentation instructs to: Set the request body content as a json formatted array of record data. This is the “payload”.
It also provides an example:
{
“Name”: “Craig J. Peters”,
“Job Title”: “Director of Engineering”
}
I need to change specific fields. How can I accomplish this using cURL and PHP?
I should mention: If this is easier with JavaScript, I am open to that as well.

I strongly recommend you to check Guzzle as a starting point -
http://docs.guzzlephp.org/en/latest/request-options.html#body

Alternative to passing Data to JavaScript from PHP?

I have a fairly large Application and I'm currently trying to find a way around having to pass Data from PHP (User Tokens for 3rd Party API's and such) through the DOM. Currently I use data-* attributes on a single element and parse the Data from that, but it's pretty messy.
I've considered just making the contents of the element encoded JSON with all the config in, which would greatly improve the structure and effectiveness, but at the same time storing sensitive information in the DOM isn't ideal or secure whatsoever.
Getting the data via AJAX is also not so feasible, as the Application requires this information all the time, on any page - so running an AJAX request on every page load before allowing user input or control will be a pain for users and add load to my server.
Something I've considered is having an initial request for information, storing it in the Cache/localStorage along with a checksum of the data, and include the checksum for the up-to-date data in the DOM. So on every page load it'll compare the checksums and if they are different (JavaScript has out-of-date data stored in Cache/localStorage), it'll send another request.
I'd rather not have to go down this route, and I'd like to know if there are any better methods that you can think of. I can't find any alternative methods in other questions/Google, so any help is appreciated.

You could also create a php file and put the header as type javascript. Request this file as a normal javascript file. <script src="config.js.php"></script> (considering the filename is config.js.php) You can structure your javascript code and simply assign values dynamically.
For security, especially if login is required, this file can only be returned once the user is logged in or something. Otherwise you simply return a blank file.

You could also just emit the json you need in your template and assign it to a javascript global.
This would be especially easy if you were using a templating system that supports inheritance like twig. You could then do something like this in the base template for your application:
<script>
MyApp = {};
MyApp.cfg = {{cfg | tojson | safe}};
</script>
where cfg is a php dictionary in the templating context. Those filters aren't twig specific, but there to give you an idea.
It wouldn't be safe if you were storing sensitive information, but it would be easier than storing the info in local storage,

Live updating from JSON

I have a JSON file which is dynamically and contain match info including an unique id. The JSON is divided into 3 arrays live, upcoming and recent. Since i'm quite new to Javascript i'm wondering what would be the best way to go in order to make this livescore script. I need it to be updating without refreshing browser? What is my options? Maybe someone has a snippet?
The JSON is automatically updates through another script which is connected to a cron job, so the script does not need to do anything regarding the JSON. Only retrieve and show the data.
I'm using dreamhost, which gives me access to shell, so websockets and so on is an option.

You'll need a jquery user to give you a snippit for this one, but in vanilla ecmascript 6, you use an XMLHttpRequest object to get the JSON from your server. This object can request data from the server asynchronously and is triggered by the client/browser so you can update the live match info when and as often as you like. You would just have to write a function to replace the data on the webpage with the new info when it is updated.

Reading in a text file in Javascript or Jquery

Im new to Jquery and Javascript and im wondering how can i read information from a text file stored on my server and write back to this file again afterwards? I couldn't find much information after googling the problem
I would also like to read in the data line by line and store it in an array, is this possible?
Thanks,
Matt

I think you want to use some server side programming. If you want the data on the client, you can use javascript or jquery using some ajax solution.

You can read the file if server allows to get it via http but you cannot write to it
Read file can be done by simply $().load(url)

You could use a RESTful API in order to achieve this. Use HTTP GET (jQuery/AJAX) to get the contents of a file, edit what you wish, and use a HTTP PUT (jQuery/AJAX) to write the changes back to the server.

Read information - yes via ajax call. The javascript will get the text from the page - whatever it is html/php/asp and return it to the calling page.
Read line by line - it is possible if you write it yourself. There is no built-in function for this. But then the text should be divided by lines.
Write back - JavaScript can`t do it by itself. You need an ajax and serverside.