I already know that apply and call are similar functions which set this (context of a function).
The difference is with the way we send the arguments (manual vs array)
Question:
But when should I use the bind() method ?
var obj = {
x: 81,
getX: function() {
return this.x;
}
};
alert(obj.getX.bind(obj)());
alert(obj.getX.call(obj));
alert(obj.getX.apply(obj));
jsbin
Use .bind() when you want that function to later be called with a certain context, useful in events. Use .call() or .apply() when you want to invoke the function immediately, and modify the context.
Call/apply call the function immediately, whereas bind returns a function that, when later executed, will have the correct context set for calling the original function. This way you can maintain context in async callbacks and events.
I do this a lot:
function MyObject(element) {
this.elm = element;
element.addEventListener('click', this.onClick.bind(this), false);
};
MyObject.prototype.onClick = function(e) {
var t=this; //do something with [t]...
//without bind the context of this function wouldn't be a MyObject
//instance as you would normally expect.
};
I use it extensively in Node.js for async callbacks that I want to pass a member method for, but still want the context to be the instance that started the async action.
A simple, naive implementation of bind would be like:
Function.prototype.bind = function(ctx) {
var fn = this;
return function() {
fn.apply(ctx, arguments);
};
};
There is more to it (like passing other args), but you can read more about it and see the real implementation on the MDN.
They all attach this into function (or object) and the difference is in the function invocation (see below).
call attaches this into function and executes the function immediately:
var person = {
name: "James Smith",
hello: function(thing) {
console.log(this.name + " says hello " + thing);
}
}
person.hello("world"); // output: "James Smith says hello world"
person.hello.call({ name: "Jim Smith" }, "world"); // output: "Jim Smith says hello world"
bind attaches this into function and it needs to be invoked separately like this:
var person = {
name: "James Smith",
hello: function(thing) {
console.log(this.name + " says hello " + thing);
}
}
person.hello("world"); // output: "James Smith says hello world"
var helloFunc = person.hello.bind({ name: "Jim Smith" });
helloFunc("world"); // output: Jim Smith says hello world"
or like this:
...
var helloFunc = person.hello.bind({ name: "Jim Smith" }, "world");
helloFunc(); // output: Jim Smith says hello world"
apply is similar to call except that it takes an array-like object instead of listing the arguments out one at a time:
function personContainer() {
var person = {
name: "James Smith",
hello: function() {
console.log(this.name + " says hello " + arguments[1]);
}
}
person.hello.apply(person, arguments);
}
personContainer("world", "mars"); // output: "James Smith says hello mars", note: arguments[0] = "world" , arguments[1] = "mars"
Answer in SIMPLEST form
Call invokes the function and allows you to pass in arguments one by
one.
Apply invokes the function and allows you to pass in arguments
as an array.
Bind returns a new function, allowing you to pass in a
this array and any number of arguments.
Apply vs. Call vs. Bind Examples
Call
var person1 = {firstName: 'Jon', lastName: 'Kuperman'};
var person2 = {firstName: 'Kelly', lastName: 'King'};
function say(greeting) {
console.log(greeting + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName);
}
say.call(person1, 'Hello'); // Hello Jon Kuperman
say.call(person2, 'Hello'); // Hello Kelly King
Apply
var person1 = {firstName: 'Jon', lastName: 'Kuperman'};
var person2 = {firstName: 'Kelly', lastName: 'King'};
function say(greeting) {
console.log(greeting + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName);
}
say.apply(person1, ['Hello']); // Hello Jon Kuperman
say.apply(person2, ['Hello']); // Hello Kelly King
Bind
var person1 = {firstName: 'Jon', lastName: 'Kuperman'};
var person2 = {firstName: 'Kelly', lastName: 'King'};
function say() {
console.log('Hello ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName);
}
var sayHelloJon = say.bind(person1);
var sayHelloKelly = say.bind(person2);
sayHelloJon(); // Hello Jon Kuperman
sayHelloKelly(); // Hello Kelly King
When To Use Each
Call and apply are pretty interchangeable. Just decide whether it’s easier to send in an array or a comma separated list of arguments.
I always remember which one is which by remembering that Call is for comma (separated list) and Apply is for Array.
Bind is a bit different. It returns a new function. Call and Apply execute the current function immediately.
Bind is great for a lot of things. We can use it to curry functions like in the above example. We can take a simple hello function and turn it into a helloJon or helloKelly. We can also use it for events like onClick where we don’t know when they’ll be fired but we know what context we want them to have.
Reference: codeplanet.io
I created this comparison between function objects, function calls, call/apply and bind a while ago:
.bind allows you to set the this value now while allowing you to execute the function in the future, because it returns a new function object.
TL;DR:
In simple words, bind creates the function, call and apply executes the function whereas apply expects the parameters in array
Full Explanation
Assume we have multiplication function
function multiplication(a,b){
console.log(a*b);
}
Lets create some standard functions using bind
var multiby2 = multiplication.bind(this,2);
Now multiby2(b) is equal to multiplication(2,b);
multiby2(3); //6
multiby2(4); //8
What if I pass both the parameters in bind
var getSixAlways = multiplication.bind(this,3,2);
Now getSixAlways() is equal to multiplication(3,2);
getSixAlways();//6
even passing parameter returns 6;
getSixAlways(12); //6
var magicMultiplication = multiplication.bind(this);
This create a new multiplication function and assigns it to magicMultiplication.
Oh no, we are hiding the multiplication functionality into magicMultiplication.
calling
magicMultiplication returns a blank function b()
on execution it works fine
magicMultiplication(6,5); //30
How about call and apply?
magicMultiplication.call(this,3,2); //6
magicMultiplication.apply(this,[5,2]); //10
It allows to set the value for this independent of how the function is called. This is very useful when working with callbacks:
function sayHello(){
alert(this.message);
}
var obj = {
message : "hello"
};
setTimeout(sayHello.bind(obj), 1000);
To achieve the same result with call would look like this:
function sayHello(){
alert(this.message);
}
var obj = {
message : "hello"
};
setTimeout(function(){sayHello.call(obj)}, 1000);
The main concept behind all this methods is Function burrowing.
Function borrowing allows us to use the methods of one object on a different object without having to make a copy of that method and maintain it in two separate places. It is accomplished through the use of . call() , . apply() , or . bind() , all of which exist to explicitly set this on the method we are borrowing
Call invokes the function immediately and allows you to pass in arguments one by
one
Apply invokes the function immediately and allows you to pass in arguments
as an array.
Bind returns a new function, and you can invoke/call it anytime you want by invoking a function.
Below is an example of all this methods
let name = {
firstname : "Arham",
lastname : "Chowdhury",
}
printFullName = function(hometown,company){
console.log(this.firstname + " " + this.lastname +", " + hometown + ", " + company)
}
CALL
the first argument e.g name inside call method is always a reference
to (this) variable and latter will be function variable
printFullName.call(name,"Mumbai","Taufa"); //Arham Chowdhury, Mumbai, Taufa
APPLY
apply method is same as the call method
the only diff is that, the function arguments are passed in Array list
printFullName.apply(name, ["Mumbai","Taufa"]); //Arham Chowdhury, Mumbai, Taufa
BIND
bind method is same as call except that ,the bind returns a function that can be used later by invoking it (does'nt call it immediately)
let printMyNAme = printFullName.bind(name,"Mumbai","Taufa");
printMyNAme(); //Arham Chowdhury, Mumbai, Taufa
printMyNAme() is the function which invokes the function
below is the link for jsfiddle
https://codepen.io/Arham11/pen/vYNqExp
Both Function.prototype.call() and Function.prototype.apply() call a function with a given this value, and return the return value of that function.
Function.prototype.bind(), on the other hand, creates a new function with a given this value, and returns that function without executing it.
So, let's take a function that looks like this :
var logProp = function(prop) {
console.log(this[prop]);
};
Now, let's take an object that looks like this :
var Obj = {
x : 5,
y : 10
};
We can bind our function to our object like this :
Obj.log = logProp.bind(Obj);
Now, we can run Obj.log anywhere in our code :
Obj.log('x'); // Output : 5
Obj.log('y'); // Output : 10
Where it really gets interesting, is when you not only bind a value for this, but also for for its argument prop :
Obj.logX = logProp.bind(Obj, 'x');
Obj.logY = logProp.bind(Obj, 'y');
We can now do this :
Obj.logX(); // Output : 5
Obj.logY(); // Output : 10
bind: It binds the function with provided value and context but it does not executes the function. To execute function you need to call the function.
call: It executes the function with provided context and parameter.
apply: It executes the function with provided context and
parameter as array.
Here is one good article to illustrate the difference among bind(), apply() and call(), summarize it as below.
bind() allows us to easily set which specific object will be bound to this when a function or method is invoked.
// This data variable is a global variable
var data = [
{name:"Samantha", age:12},
{name:"Alexis", age:14}
]
var user = {
// local data variable
data :[
{name:"T. Woods", age:37},
{name:"P. Mickelson", age:43}
],
showData:function (event) {
var randomNum = ((Math.random () * 2 | 0) + 1) - 1; // random number between 0 and 1
console.log (this.data[randomNum].name + " " + this.data[randomNum].age);
}
}
// Assign the showData method of the user object to a variable
var showDataVar = user.showData;
showDataVar (); // Samantha 12 (from the global data array, not from the local data array)
/*
This happens because showDataVar () is executed as a global function and use of this inside
showDataVar () is bound to the global scope, which is the window object in browsers.
*/
// Bind the showData method to the user object
var showDataVar = user.showData.bind (user);
// Now the we get the value from the user object because the this keyword is bound to the user object
showDataVar (); // P. Mickelson 43
bind() allow us to borrow methods
// Here we have a cars object that does not have a method to print its data to the console
var cars = {
data:[
{name:"Honda Accord", age:14},
{name:"Tesla Model S", age:2}
]
}
// We can borrow the showData () method from the user object we defined in the last example.
// Here we bind the user.showData method to the cars object we just created.
cars.showData = user.showData.bind (cars);
cars.showData (); // Honda Accord 14
One problem with this example is that we are adding a new method showData on the cars object and
we might not want to do that just to borrow a method because the cars object might already have a property or method name showData.
We don’t want to overwrite it accidentally. As we will see in our discussion of Apply and Call below,
it is best to borrow a method using either the Apply or Call method.
bind() allow us to curry a function
Function Currying, also known as partial function application, is the use of a
function (that accept one or more arguments) that returns a new function with some of the arguments already set.
function greet (gender, age, name) {
// if a male, use Mr., else use Ms.
var salutation = gender === "male" ? "Mr. " : "Ms. ";
if (age > 25) {
return "Hello, " + salutation + name + ".";
}else {
return "Hey, " + name + ".";
}
}
We can use bind() to curry this greet function
// So we are passing null because we are not using the "this" keyword in our greet function.
var greetAnAdultMale = greet.bind (null, "male", 45);
greetAnAdultMale ("John Hartlove"); // "Hello, Mr. John Hartlove."
var greetAYoungster = greet.bind (null, "", 16);
greetAYoungster ("Alex"); // "Hey, Alex."
greetAYoungster ("Emma Waterloo"); // "Hey, Emma Waterloo."
apply() or call() to set this value
The apply, call, and bind methods are all used to set the this value when invoking a method, and they do it in slightly
different ways to allow use direct control and versatility in our JavaScript code.
The apply and call methods are almost identical when setting the this value except that you pass the function parameters to apply () as an array, while you have to list the parameters individually to pass them to the call () method.
Here is one example to use call or apply to set this in the callback function.
// Define an object with some properties and a method
// We will later pass the method as a callback function to another function
var clientData = {
id: 094545,
fullName: "Not Set",
// setUserName is a method on the clientData object
setUserName: function (firstName, lastName) {
// this refers to the fullName property in this object
this.fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;
}
};
function getUserInput (firstName, lastName, callback, callbackObj) {
// The use of the Apply method below will set the "this" value to callbackObj
callback.apply (callbackObj, [firstName, lastName]);
}
// The clientData object will be used by the Apply method to set the "this" value
getUserInput ("Barack", "Obama", clientData.setUserName, clientData);
// the fullName property on the clientData was correctly set
console.log (clientData.fullName); // Barack Obama
Borrow functions with apply or call
Borrow Array methods
Let’s create an array-like object and borrow some array methods to operate on the our array-like object.
// An array-like object: note the non-negative integers used as keys
var anArrayLikeObj = {0:"Martin", 1:78, 2:67, 3:["Letta", "Marieta", "Pauline"], length:4 };
// Make a quick copy and save the results in a real array:
// First parameter sets the "this" value
var newArray = Array.prototype.slice.call (anArrayLikeObj, 0);
console.log (newArray); // ["Martin", 78, 67, Array[3]]
// Search for "Martin" in the array-like object
console.log (Array.prototype.indexOf.call (anArrayLikeObj, "Martin") === -1 ? false : true); // true
Another common case is that convert arguments to array as following
// We do not define the function with any parameters, yet we can get all the arguments passed to it
function doSomething () {
var args = Array.prototype.slice.call (arguments);
console.log (args);
}
doSomething ("Water", "Salt", "Glue"); // ["Water", "Salt", "Glue"]
Borrow other methods
var gameController = {
scores :[20, 34, 55, 46, 77],
avgScore:null,
players :[
{name:"Tommy", playerID:987, age:23},
{name:"Pau", playerID:87, age:33}
]
}
var appController = {
scores :[900, 845, 809, 950],
avgScore:null,
avg :function () {
var sumOfScores = this.scores.reduce (function (prev, cur, index, array) {
return prev + cur;
});
this.avgScore = sumOfScores / this.scores.length;
}
}
// Note that we are using the apply () method, so the 2nd argument has to be an array
appController.avg.apply (gameController);
console.log (gameController.avgScore); // 46.4
// appController.avgScore is still null; it was not updated, only gameController.avgScore was updated
console.log (appController.avgScore); // null
Use apply() to execute variable-arity function
The Math.max is one example of variable-arity function,
// We can pass any number of arguments to the Math.max () method
console.log (Math.max (23, 11, 34, 56)); // 56
But what if we have an array of numbers to pass to Math.max? We cannot do this:
var allNumbers = [23, 11, 34, 56];
// We cannot pass an array of numbers to the the Math.max method like this
console.log (Math.max (allNumbers)); // NaN
This is where the apply () method helps us execute variadic functions. Instead of the above, we have to pass the array of numbers using apply () thus:
var allNumbers = [23, 11, 34, 56];
// Using the apply () method, we can pass the array of numbers:
console.log (Math.max.apply (null, allNumbers)); // 56
The basic difference between Call, Apply and Bind are:
Bind will be used if you want your execution context to come later in the picture.
Ex:
var car = {
registrationNumber: "007",
brand: "Mercedes",
displayDetails: function(ownerName){
console.log(ownerName + ' this is your car ' + '' + this.registrationNumber + " " + this.brand);
}
}
car.displayDetails('Nishant'); // **Nishant this is your car 007 Mercedes**
Let's say i want use this method in some other variable
var car1 = car.displayDetails('Nishant');
car1(); // undefined
To use the reference of car in some other variable you should use
var car1 = car.displayDetails.bind(car, 'Nishant');
car1(); // Nishant this is your car 007 Mercedes
Let's talk about more extensive use of bind function
var func = function() {
console.log(this)
}.bind(1);
func();
// Number: 1
Why? Because now func is bind with Number 1, if we don't use bind in that case it will point to Global Object.
var func = function() {
console.log(this)
}.bind({});
func();
// Object
Call, Apply are used when you want to execute the statement at the same time.
var Name = {
work: "SSE",
age: "25"
}
function displayDetails(ownerName) {
console.log(ownerName + ", this is your name: " + 'age' + this.age + " " + 'work' + this.work);
}
displayDetails.call(Name, 'Nishant')
// Nishant, this is your name: age25 workSSE
// In apply we pass an array of arguments
displayDetails.apply(Name, ['Nishant'])
// Nishant, this is your name: age25 workSSE
call/apply executes function immediately:
func.call(context, arguments);
func.apply(context, [argument1,argument2,..]);
bind doesn't execute function immediately, but returns wrapped apply function (for later execution):
function bind(func, context) {
return function() {
return func.apply(context, arguments);
};
}
Call apply and bind. and how they are different.
Lets learn call and apply using any daily terminology.
You have three automobiles your_scooter , your_car and your_jet which start with the same mechanism (method).
We created an object automobile with a method push_button_engineStart.
var your_scooter, your_car, your_jet;
var automobile = {
push_button_engineStart: function (runtime){
console.log(this.name + "'s" + ' engine_started, buckle up for the ride for ' + runtime + " minutes");
}
}
Lets understand when is call and apply used. Lets suppose that you are an engineer and you have your_scooter, your_car and your_jet which did not come with a push_button_engine_start and you wish to use a third party push_button_engineStart.
If you run the following lines of code, they will give an error. WHY?
//your_scooter.push_button_engineStart();
//your_car.push_button_engineStart();
//your_jet.push_button_engineStart();
automobile.push_button_engineStart.apply(your_scooter,[20]);
automobile.push_button_engineStart.call(your_jet,10);
automobile.push_button_engineStart.call(your_car,40);
So the above example is successfully gives your_scooter, your_car, your_jet a feature from automobile object.
Let's dive deeper
Here we will split the above line of code.
automobile.push_button_engineStart is helping us to get the method being used.
Further we use apply or call using the dot notation.
automobile.push_button_engineStart.apply()
Now apply and call accept two parameters.
context
arguments
So here we set the context in the final line of code.
automobile.push_button_engineStart.apply(your_scooter,[20])
Difference between call and apply is just that apply accepts parameters in the form of an array while call simply can accept a comma separated list of arguments.
what is JS Bind function?
A bind function is basically which binds the context of something and then stores it into a variable for execution at a later stage.
Let's make our previous example even better. Earlier we used a method belonging to the automobile object and used it to equip your_car, your_jet and your_scooter. Now lets imagine we want to give a separate push_button_engineStart separately to start our automobiles individually at any later stage of the execution we wish.
var scooty_engineStart = automobile.push_button_engineStart.bind(your_scooter);
var car_engineStart = automobile.push_button_engineStart.bind(your_car);
var jet_engineStart = automobile.push_button_engineStart.bind(your_jet);
setTimeout(scooty_engineStart,5000,30);
setTimeout(car_engineStart,10000,40);
setTimeout(jet_engineStart,15000,5);
still not satisfied?
Let's make it clear as teardrop. Time to experiment. We will go back to call and apply function application and try storing the value of the function as a reference.
The experiment below fails because call and apply are invoked immediately, hence, we never get to the stage of storing a reference in a variable which is where bind function steals the show
var test_function = automobile.push_button_engineStart.apply(your_scooter);
Syntax
call(thisArg, arg1, arg2, ...)
apply(thisArg, argsArray)
bind(thisArg[, arg1[, arg2[, ...]]])
Here
thisArg is the object
argArray is an array object
arg1, arg2, arg3,... are additional arguments
function printBye(message1, message2){
console.log(message1 + " " + this.name + " "+ message2);
}
var par01 = { name:"John" };
var msgArray = ["Bye", "Never come again..."];
printBye.call(par01, "Bye", "Never come again...");
//Bye John Never come again...
printBye.call(par01, msgArray);
//Bye,Never come again... John undefined
//so call() doesn't work with array and better with comma seperated parameters
//printBye.apply(par01, "Bye", "Never come again...");//Error
printBye.apply(par01, msgArray);
//Bye John Never come again...
var func1 = printBye.bind(par01, "Bye", "Never come again...");
func1();//Bye John Never come again...
var func2 = printBye.bind(par01, msgArray);
func2();//Bye,Never come again... John undefined
//so bind() doesn't work with array and better with comma seperated parameters
JavaScript Call()
const person = {
name: "Lokamn",
dob: 12,
print: function (value,value2) {
console.log(this.dob+value+value2)
}
}
const anotherPerson= {
name: "Pappu",
dob: 12,
}
person.print.call(anotherPerson,1,2)
JavaScript apply()
name: "Lokamn",
dob: 12,
print: function (value,value2) {
console.log(this.dob+value+value2)
}
}
const anotherPerson= {
name: "Pappu",
dob: 12,
}
person.print.apply(anotherPerson,[1,2])
**call and apply function are difference call take separate argument but apply take array
like:[1,2,3]
**
JavaScript bind()
name: "Lokamn",
dob: 12,
anotherPerson: {
name: "Pappu",
dob: 12,
print2: function () {
console.log(this)
}
}
}
var bindFunction = person.anotherPerson.print2.bind(person)
bindFunction()
Call: call invokes the function and allows you to pass arguments one by one
Apply: Apply invokes the function and allows you to pass arguments as an array
Bind: Bind returns a new function, allowing you to pass in a this array and any number of arguments.
var person1 = {firstName: 'Raju', lastName: 'king'};
var person2 = {firstName: 'chandu', lastName: 'shekar'};
function greet(greeting) {
console.log(greeting + ' ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName);
}
function greet2(greeting) {
console.log( 'Hello ' + this.firstName + ' ' + this.lastName);
}
greet.call(person1, 'Hello'); // Hello Raju king
greet.call(person2, 'Hello'); // Hello chandu shekar
greet.apply(person1, ['Hello']); // Hello Raju king
greet.apply(person2, ['Hello']); // Hello chandu shekar
var greetRaju = greet2.bind(person1);
var greetChandu = greet2.bind(person2);
greetRaju(); // Hello Raju king
greetChandu(); // Hello chandu shekar
call() :-- Here we pass the function arguments individually, not in an array format
var obj = {name: "Raushan"};
var greeting = function(a,b,c) {
return "Welcome "+ this.name + " to "+ a + " " + b + " in " + c;
};
console.log(greeting.call(obj, "USA", "INDIA", "ASIA"));
apply() :-- Here we pass the function arguments in an array format
var obj = {name: "Raushan"};
var cal = function(a,b,c) {
return this.name +" you got " + a+b+c;
};
var arr =[1,2,3]; // array format for function arguments
console.log(cal.apply(obj, arr));
bind() :--
var obj = {name: "Raushan"};
var cal = function(a,b,c) {
return this.name +" you got " + a+b+c;
};
var calc = cal.bind(obj);
console.log(calc(2,3,4));
Imagine, bind is not available.
you can easily construct it as follow :
var someFunction=...
var objToBind=....
var bindHelper = function (someFunction, objToBind) {
return function() {
someFunction.apply( objToBind, arguments );
};
}
bindHelper(arguments);
function sayHello() {
//alert(this.message);
return this.message;
}
var obj = {
message: "Hello"
};
function x(country) {
var z = sayHello.bind(obj);
setTimeout(y = function(w) {
//'this' reference not lost
return z() + ' ' + country + ' ' + w;
}, 1000);
return y;
}
var t = x('India')('World');
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = t;
Use bind for future calls to the function. Both apply and call invoke the function.
bind() also allows for additional arguments to be perpended to the args array.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_objects/Function/bind
In simple terms, all methods are used to set the context(this) explicitly in the regular function
Call: call invokes the function on given context and allows to pass arguments one by one
Apply: apply invokes the function on given context and allows to pass arguments as an array
Bind: bind returns a new function by setting the provided context, and allows to pass arguments one by one
Notes:
Call and Apply both are similar only difference is the way they expect arguments
The mentioned methods do not work with arrow function
The first difference between call(), apply(), and bind() methods in JavaScript is their time of execution!
call() and apply() being similar are executed instantly, whereas, bind() creates a new function which we have to explicitly call at any later point of time!
Another difference is, that while passing arguments, call() allows us to pass one by one separated by commas, apply() allows us to pass as an array of arguments, and bind() allows us to do both!
I have attached the example code below!
const person = {
fullName : function (randomMessage) {
return `Hello, ${this.firstName} ${this.lastName} ${randomMessage}`;
}
}
const personOne = {
firstName : "John",
lastName : "Doe"
}
const personTwo = {
firstName : "Jack",
lastName : "Adhikari"
}
let fullNameBind = person.fullName.bind(personOne, "--Binding");
let fullNameCall = person.fullName.call({firstName : "Sarah", lastName: "Holmes"}, "--Calling");
let fullNameApply = person.fullName.apply(personTwo, ["--Applying"]);
console.log(fullNameBind());
console.log(fullNameCall);
console.log(fullNameApply);
I think the same places of them are: all of them can change the this value of a function.The differences of them are: the bind function will return a new function as a result; the call and apply methods will execute the function immediately, but apply can accept a array as params,and it will parse the array separated.And also, the bind function can be Currying.
bind function should be use when we want to assign a function with particular context for eg.
var demo = {
getValue : function(){
console.log('demo object get value function')
}
setValue : function(){
setTimeout(this.getValue.bind(this),1000)
}
}
in above example if we call demo.setValue() function and pass this.getValue function directly then it doesn't call demo.setValue function directly because this in setTimeout refers to window object so we need to pass demo object context to this.getValue function using bind. it means we only passing function with the context of demo object not actully calling function.
Hope u understand .
for more information please refer
javascript bind function know in detail
Related
What is the use of bind() in JavaScript?
Bind creates a new function that will force the this inside the function to be the parameter passed to bind().
Here's an example that shows how to use bind to pass a member method around that has the correct this:
var myButton = {
content: 'OK',
click() {
console.log(this.content + ' clicked');
}
};
myButton.click();
var looseClick = myButton.click;
looseClick(); // not bound, 'this' is not myButton - it is the globalThis
var boundClick = myButton.click.bind(myButton);
boundClick(); // bound, 'this' is myButton
Which prints out:
OK clicked
undefined clicked
OK clicked
You can also add extra parameters after the 1st (this) parameter and bind will pass in those values to the original function. Any additional parameters you later pass to the bound function will be passed in after the bound parameters:
// Example showing binding some parameters
var sum = function(a, b) {
return a + b;
};
var add5 = sum.bind(null, 5);
console.log(add5(10));
Which prints out:
15
Check out JavaScript Function bind for more info and interactive examples.
Update: ECMAScript 2015 adds support for => functions. => functions are more compact and do not change the this pointer from their defining scope, so you may not need to use bind() as often. For example, if you wanted a function on Button from the first example to hook up the click callback to a DOM event, the following are all valid ways of doing that:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// Use bind() to ensure 'this' is the 'this' inside click()
element.addEventListener('click', this.click.bind(this));
}
};
Or:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// Use a new variable for 'this' since 'this' inside the function
// will not be the 'this' inside hookEvent()
var me = this;
element.addEventListener('click', function() { me.click() });
}
};
Or:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// => functions do not change 'this', so you can use it directly
element.addEventListener('click', () => this.click());
}
};
The simplest use of bind() is to make a function that, no matter
how it is called, is called with a particular this value.
x = 9;
var module = {
x: 81,
getX: function () {
return this.x;
}
};
module.getX(); // 81
var getX = module.getX;
getX(); // 9, because in this case, "this" refers to the global object
// create a new function with 'this' bound to module
var boundGetX = getX.bind(module);
boundGetX(); // 81
Please refer to this link on MDN Web Docs for more information:
Function.prototype.bind()
bind allows-
set the value of "this" to an specific object. This becomes very helpful as sometimes this is not what is intended.
reuse methods
curry a function
For example, you have a function to deduct monthly club fees
function getMonthlyFee(fee){
var remaining = this.total - fee;
this.total = remaining;
return this.name +' remaining balance:'+remaining;
}
Now you want to reuse this function for a different club member. Note that the monthly fee will vary from member to member.
Let's imagine Rachel has a balance of 500, and a monthly membership fee of 90.
var rachel = {name:'Rachel Green', total:500};
Now, create a function that can be used again and again to deduct the fee from her account every month
//bind
var getRachelFee = getMonthlyFee.bind(rachel, 90);
//deduct
getRachelFee();//Rachel Green remaining balance:410
getRachelFee();//Rachel Green remaining balance:320
Now, the same getMonthlyFee function could be used for another member with a different membership fee. For Example, Ross Geller has a 250 balance and a monthly fee of 25
var ross = {name:'Ross Geller', total:250};
//bind
var getRossFee = getMonthlyFee.bind(ross, 25);
//deduct
getRossFee(); //Ross Geller remaining balance:225
getRossFee(); //Ross Geller remaining balance:200
From the MDN docs on Function.prototype.bind() :
The bind() method creates a new function that, when called, has its
this keyword set to the provided value, with a given sequence of
arguments preceding any provided when the new function is called.
So, what does that mean?!
Well, let's take a function that looks like this :
var logProp = function(prop) {
console.log(this[prop]);
};
Now, let's take an object that looks like this :
var Obj = {
x : 5,
y : 10
};
We can bind our function to our object like this :
Obj.log = logProp.bind(Obj);
Now, we can run Obj.log anywhere in our code :
Obj.log('x'); // Output : 5
Obj.log('y'); // Output : 10
This works, because we bound the value of this to our object Obj.
Where it really gets interesting, is when you not only bind a value for this, but also for its argument prop :
Obj.logX = logProp.bind(Obj, 'x');
Obj.logY = logProp.bind(Obj, 'y');
We can now do this :
Obj.logX(); // Output : 5
Obj.logY(); // Output : 10
Unlike with Obj.log, we do not have to pass x or y, because we passed those values when we did our binding.
Variables has local and global scopes. Let's suppose that we have two variables with the same name. One is globally defined and the other is defined inside a function closure and we want to get the variable value which is inside the function closure. In that case we use this bind() method. Please see the simple example below:
var x = 9; // this refers to global "window" object here in the browser
var person = {
x: 81,
getX: function() {
return this.x;
}
};
var y = person.getX; // It will return 9, because it will call global value of x(var x=9).
var x2 = y.bind(person); // It will return 81, because it will call local value of x, which is defined in the object called person(x=81).
document.getElementById("demo1").innerHTML = y();
document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = x2();
<p id="demo1">0</p>
<p id="demo2">0</p>
Summary:
The bind() method takes an object as an first argument and creates a new function. When the function is invoked the value of this in the function body will be the object which was passed in as an argument in the bind() function.
How does this work in JS anyway
The value of this in javascript is dependent always depends on what Object the function is called. The value of this always refers to the object left of the dot from where is the function is called. In case of the global scope this is window (or global in nodeJS). Only call, apply and bind can alter the this binding differently. Here is an example to show how the this keyword works:
let obj = {
prop1: 1,
func: function () { console.log(this); }
}
obj.func(); // obj left of the dot so this refers to obj
const customFunc = obj.func; // we store the function in the customFunc obj
customFunc(); // now the object left of the dot is window,
// customFunc() is shorthand for window.customFunc()
// Therefore window will be logged
How is bind used?
Bind can help in overcoming difficulties with the this keyword by having a fixed object where this will refer to. For example:
var name = 'globalName';
const obj = {
name: 'myName',
sayName: function () { console.log(this.name);}
}
const say = obj.sayName; // we are merely storing the function the value of this isn't magically transferred
say(); // now because this function is executed in global scope this will refer to the global var
const boundSay = obj.sayName.bind(obj); // now the value of this is bound to the obj object
boundSay(); // Now this will refer to the name in the obj object: 'myName'
Once the function is bound to a particular this value we can pass it around and even put it on properties on other objects. The value of this will remain the same.
The bind() method creates a new function instance whose this value is bound to the value that was passed into bind().
For example:
window.color = "red";
var o = { color: "blue" };
function sayColor(){
alert(this.color);
}
var objectSayColor = sayColor.bind(o);
objectSayColor(); //blue
Here, a new function called objectSayColor() is created from sayColor() by calling bind() and passing in the object o. The objectSayColor() function has a this value equivalent to o, so calling the function, even as a global call, results in the string “blue” being displayed.
Reference : Nicholas C. Zakas - PROFESSIONAL JAVASCRIPT® FOR WEB DEVELOPERS
I will explain bind theoretically as well as practically
bind in javascript is a method -- Function.prototype.bind . bind is a method. It is called on function prototype. This method creates a function whose body is similar to the function on which it is called but the 'this' refers to the first parameter passed to the bind method. Its syntax is
var bindedFunc = Func.bind(thisObj,optionsArg1,optionalArg2,optionalArg3,...);
Example:--
var checkRange = function(value){
if(typeof value !== "number"){
return false;
}
else {
return value >= this.minimum && value <= this.maximum;
}
}
var range = {minimum:10,maximum:20};
var boundedFunc = checkRange.bind(range); //bounded Function. this refers to range
var result = boundedFunc(15); //passing value
console.log(result) // will give true;
Creating a new Function by Binding Arguments to Values
The bind method creates a new function from another function with one or more arguments bound to specific values, including the implicit this argument.
Partial Application
This is an example of partial application. Normally we supply a function with all of its arguments which yields a value. This is known as function application. We are applying the function to its arguments.
A Higher Order Function (HOF)
Partial application is an example of a higher order function (HOF) because it yields a new function with a fewer number of argument.
Binding Multiple Arguments
You can use bind to transform functions with multiple arguments into new functions.
function multiply(x, y) {
return x * y;
}
let multiplyBy10 = multiply.bind(null, 10);
console.log(multiplyBy10(5));
Converting from Instance Method to Static Function
In the most common use case, when called with one argument the bind method will create a new function that has the this value bound to a specific value. In effect this transforms an instance method to a static method.
function Multiplier(factor) {
this.factor = factor;
}
Multiplier.prototype.multiply = function(x) {
return this.factor * x;
}
function ApplyFunction(func, value) {
return func(value);
}
var mul = new Multiplier(5);
// Produces garbage (NaN) because multiplying "undefined" by 10
console.log(ApplyFunction(mul.multiply, 10));
// Produces expected result: 50
console.log(ApplyFunction(mul.multiply.bind(mul), 10));
Implementing a Stateful CallBack
The following example shows how using binding of this can enable an object method to act as a callback that can easily update the state of an object.
function ButtonPressedLogger()
{
this.count = 0;
this.onPressed = function() {
this.count++;
console.log("pressed a button " + this.count + " times");
}
for (let d of document.getElementsByTagName("button"))
d.onclick = this.onPressed.bind(this);
}
new ButtonPressedLogger();
<button>press me</button>
<button>no press me</button>
As mentioned, Function.bind() lets you specify the context that the function will execute in (that is, it lets you pass in what object the this keyword will resolve to in the body of the function.
A couple of analogous toolkit API methods that perform a similar service:
jQuery.proxy()
Dojo.hitch()
Bind Method
A bind implementation might look something like so:
Function.prototype.bind = function () {
const self = this;
const args = [...arguments];
const context = args.shift();
return function () {
return self.apply(context, args.concat([...arguments]));
};
};
The bind function can take any number of arguments and return a new function.
The new function will call the original function using the JS Function.prototype.apply method.The apply method will use the first argument passed to the target function as its context (this), and the second array argument of the apply method will be a combination of the rest of the arguments from the target function, concat with the arguments used to call the return function (in that order).
An example can look something like so:
function Fruit(emoji) {
this.emoji = emoji;
}
Fruit.prototype.show = function () {
console.log(this.emoji);
};
const apple = new Fruit('🍎');
const orange = new Fruit('🍊');
apple.show(); // 🍎
orange.show(); // 🍊
const fruit1 = apple.show;
const fruit2 = apple.show.bind();
const fruit3 = apple.show.bind(apple);
const fruit4 = apple.show.bind(orange);
fruit1(); // undefined
fruit2(); // undefined
fruit3(); // 🍎
fruit4(); // 🍊
/**
* Bind is a method inherited from Function.prototype same like call and apply
* It basically helps to bind a function to an object's context during initialisation
*
* */
window.myname = "Jineesh";
var foo = function(){
return this.myname;
};
//IE < 8 has issues with this, supported in ecmascript 5
var obj = {
myname : "John",
fn:foo.bind(window)// binds to window object
};
console.log( obj.fn() ); // Returns Jineesh
Consider the Simple Program listed below,
//we create object user
let User = { name: 'Justin' };
//a Hello Function is created to Alert the object User
function Hello() {
alert(this.name);
}
//since there the value of this is lost we need to bind user to use this keyword
let user = Hello.bind(User);
user();
//we create an instance to refer the this keyword (this.name);
Simple Explanation:
bind() create a new function, a new reference at a function it returns to you.
In parameter after this keyword, you pass in the parameter you want to preconfigure. Actually it does not execute immediately, just prepares for execution.
You can preconfigure as many parameters as you want.
Simple Example to understand bind:
function calculate(operation) {
if (operation === 'ADD') {
alert('The Operation is Addition');
} else if (operation === 'SUBTRACT') {
alert('The Operation is Subtraction');
}
}
addBtn.addEventListener('click', calculate.bind(this, 'ADD'));
subtractBtn.addEventListener('click', calculate.bind(this, 'SUBTRACT'));
The bind function creates a new function with the same function body as the function it is calling .It is called with the this argument .why we use bind fun. : when every time a new instance is created and we have to use first initial instance then we use bind fun.We can't override the bind fun.simply it stores the initial object of the class.
setInterval(this.animate_to.bind(this), 1000/this.difference);
function.prototype.bind() accepts an Object.
It binds the calling function to the passed Object and the returns
the same.
When an object is bound to a function, it means you will be able to
access the values of that object from within the function using
'this' keyword.
It can also be said as,
function.prototype.bind() is used to provide/change the context of a
function.
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for(let i=1; i<= this.power; i++) {
product*=number;
}
return product;
}
let powerOfTwo = powerOfNumber.bind({power:2});
alert(powerOfTwo(2));
let powerOfThree = powerOfNumber.bind({power:3});
alert(powerOfThree(2));
let powerOfFour = powerOfNumber.bind({power:4});
alert(powerOfFour(2));
Let us try to understand this.
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for (let i = 1; i <= this.power; i++) {
product *= number;
}
return product;
}
Here, in this function, this corresponds to the object bound to the function powerOfNumber. Currently we don't have any function that is bound to this function.
Let us create a function powerOfTwo which will find the second power of a number using the above function.
let powerOfTwo = powerOfNumber.bind({power:2});
alert(powerOfTwo(2));
Here the object {power : 2} is passed to powerOfNumber function using bind.
The bind function binds this object to the powerOfNumber() and returns the below function to powerOfTwo. Now, powerOfTwo looks like,
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for(let i=1; i<=2; i++) {
product*=number;
}
return product;
}
Hence, powerOfTwo will find the second power.
Feel free to check this out.
bind() function in Javascript
The bind() method creates a new function that, when called, has its this keyword set to the provided value, with a given sequence of arguments preceding any provided when the new function is called.
An example for the first part
grabbed from react package useSt8
import { useState } from "react"
function st8() {
switch(arguments.length) {
case 0: return this[0]
case 1: return void this[1](arguments[0])
default: throw new Error("Expected 0 or 1 arguments")
}
}
function useSt8(initial) {
// this in st8 will be something like [state, setSatate]
return st8.bind(useState(initial))
}
// usage
function Counter() {
const count = useSt8(0);
return (
<>
Count: {count()}
<button onClick={() => count(0)}>Reset</button>
<button onClick={() => count(prevCount => prevCount + 1)}>inc</button>
</>
);
}
An example for the second part
const add = (a, b) => a+b
someThis = this
// new function with this value equal to someThis
add5 = add.bind(someThis, 5)
add5(10) // 15
// we don't use this in add decelartion so this will work too.
add10 = add.bind(null, 10)
add10(5) // 15
Here's the simplest possible explanation:
Say you have a function
function _loop(n) { console.log("so: " + n) }
obviously you can call it like _loop(69) as usual.
Rewrite like this:
var _loop = function() { console.log("so: " + this.n) }
Notice there are now
no arguments as such
you use "this. " to get to the named arguments
You can now call the function like this:
_loop.bind( {"n": 420} )
That's it.
Most typical use case:
A really typical use is when you need to add an argument to a callback.
Callbacks can't have arguments.
So just "rewrite" the callback as above.
Simple example
function lol(second, third) {
console.log(this.first, second, third);
}
lol(); // undefined, undefined, undefined
lol('1'); // undefined, "1", undefined
lol('1', '2'); // undefined, "1", "2"
lol.call({first: '1'}); // "1", undefined, undefined
lol.call({first: '1'}, '2'); // "1", "2", undefined
lol.call({first: '1'}, '2', '3'); // "1", "2", "3"
lol.apply({first: '1'}); // "1", undefined, undefined
lol.apply({first: '1'}, ['2', '3']); // "1", "2", "3"
const newLol = lol.bind({first: '1'});
newLol(); // "1", undefined, undefined
newLol('2'); // "1", "2", undefined
newLol('2', '3'); // "1", "2", "3"
const newOmg = lol.bind({first: '1'}, '2');
newOmg(); // "1", "2", undefined
newOmg('3'); // "1", "2", "3"
const newWtf = lol.bind({first: '1'}, '2', '3');
newWtf(); // "1", "2", "3"
Another usage is that you can pass binded function as an argument to another function which is operating under another execution context.
var name = "sample";
function sample(){
console.log(this.name);
}
var cb = sample.bind(this);
function somefunction(cb){
//other code
cb();
}
somefunction.call({}, cb);
In addition to what have been said, the bind() method allows an object to borrow a method from another object without making a copy of that method. This is known as function borrowing in JavaScript.
i did not read above code but i learn something in simple so want to share here about bind method after bind method we can use it as any normal method.
<pre> note: do not use arrow function it will show error undefined </pre>
let solarSystem = {
sun: 'red',
moon : 'white',
sunmoon : function(){
let dayNight = this.sun + ' is the sun color and present in day and '+this.moon + ' is the moon color and prenet in night';
return dayNight;
}
}
let work = function(work,sleep){
console.log(this.sunmoon()); // accessing the solatSystem it show error undefine sunmmon untill now because we can't access directly for that we use .bind()
console.log('i work in '+ work +' and sleep in '+sleep);
}
let outPut = work.bind(solarSystem);
outPut('day','night')
bind is a function which is available in java script prototype, as the name suggest bind is used to bind your function call to the context whichever you are dealing with for eg:
var rateOfInterest='4%';
var axisBank=
{
rateOfInterest:'10%',
getRateOfInterest:function()
{
return this.rateOfInterest;
}
}
axisBank.getRateOfInterest() //'10%'
let knowAxisBankInterest=axisBank.getRateOfInterest // when you want to assign the function call to a varaible we use this syntax
knowAxisBankInterest(); // you will get output as '4%' here by default the function is called wrt global context
let knowExactAxisBankInterest=knowAxisBankInterest.bind(axisBank); //so here we need bind function call to its local context
knowExactAxisBankInterest() // '10%'
Everything started with this Question
Then an answer from #MinusFour
var slice = Function.call.bind(Array.prototype.slice);
I wanted to understand, whats happening under the hood,
my curiosity hence this Question.
what to achieve ? understanding of "Function.call.bind".
Step-by-step approach for the same
Started with MDN
NOTE : I am using NodeJS here
1)
var adder = new Function('a', 'b', 'return a + b');
console.log(adder(2, 6));
**OUTPUT **
8
This is expected, Nothing Fancy
2)
This is our end goal , calling function myFunc from the bounded
function (Function.call.bind(myFunc))
function myFunc(a, b) {
console.log(arguments.length, a, b, a + b);
}
3)
var adder = Function(myFunc);
console.log(adder.toString())
OUTPUT
function anonymous() { function myFunc(a, b) { console.log(a + b); } }
Expected! above code does nothing, because i am calling 'anonymous' ,
and it does nothing.
4)
var adder = Function.call(myFunc);
console.log(adder.toString())
OUTPUT
function anonymous() {
}
Expected!. '.call' calls 'Function', with 'this' set to 'myFunc' and with out any param or function body. so an empty anonymous function is the output. Now, I can do "var adder = Function.call(myFunc,myFunc);" to create the same function from step-3
So far so good
5)
var adder = Function.call.bind(myFunc);
console.log(adder.toString())
adder(2,6);
OUTPUT
function () { [native code] }
1 6 undefined NaN
Here first param is not passed to the 'myFunc' function.
this is taken as 'this' for function 'adder' (the bounded Function.call) ?
Now I understand(or did I misunderstood?) until now, but then
How does below code works ?
var slice = Function.call.bind(Array.prototype.slice);
function fn(){
var arr = slice(arguments);
}
in my case first param to adder is discarded(or Function.call consider it as 'this' for it), same should happen with slice above right ?
Anyway, i wanted to document it for a reference
I'm afraid you've gone off in slightly the wrong direction. This line:
var slice = Function.call.bind(Array.prototype.slice);
never calls Function and never arranges for it to be called later. The only thing Function is being used for there is its call property. Function could have been Object or Date or RegExp or any other function, or could have been Function.prototype; doesn't matter. Function.prototype would have been more direct and possibly less confusing.
This is a bit tricky to explain because it involves two layers of dealing with this, where this is different things at different times:
The call function calls functions with a specific this value you give it as its first argument, passing along any other arguments you give it. For example:
function foo(arg) {
console.log("this.name = " + this.name + ", arg = " + arg);
}
var obj = {name: "bar"};
foo.call(obj, "glarb"); // "this.name = bar, arg = glarb"
There, because we called call on foo, call called foo with this set to obj and passing along the "glarb" argment.
call knows what function it should call based on what this is during the call call. foo.call sets this during call to foo. That can be confusing, so let's diagram it:
foo.call(obj, "glarb") calls call:
call sees this = foo and the arguments obj and "glarb"
call calls this (which is foo):
foo sees this = obj and the single argument "glarb"
With regard to slice, you normally see call used with it used to create an array from something array-like that isn't really an array:
var divArray = Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll("div"));
or
var divArray = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll("div"));
There, we call call with this set to Array.prototype.slice (or [].slice, which is the same function) and passing in the collection returned by querySelectorAll as the first argument. call calls the function it sees as this, using its first argument as this for that call, and passing along any others.
So that's the first layer of this stuff.
bind is another function that functions have, and it's similar to call but different: Where call calls the target function with a given this and arguments, bind creates and returns a new function that will do that if you call it. Going back to our foo example:
function foo(arg) {
console.log("this.name = " + this.name + ", arg = " + arg);
}
var obj = {name: "bar"};
var fooWithObjAndGlarb = foo.bind(obj, "glarb");
fooWithObjAndGlarb(); // "this.name = bar, arg = glarb"
This is called binding things (obj and the "glarb" argument) to foo.
Unlike call, since bind creates a new function, we can add arguments later:
function foo(arg) {
console.log("this.name = " + this.name + ", arg = " + arg);
}
var obj = {name: "bar"};
var fooWithObj = foo.bind(obj);
fooWithObj("glarb"); // "this.name = bar, arg = glarb"
Okay, now we have all our working pieces. So what's happening in your code? Let's break it into parts:
// Get a reference to the `call` function from the `call` property
// on `Function`. The reason `Function` has a `call` property is that
// `Function` is, itself, a function, which means its prototype is
// `Function.prototype`, which has `call` on it.
var call = Function.call;
// Get a reference to the `slice` function from `Array.prototype`'s `slice` property:
var rawSlice = Array.prototype.slice;
// Create a *bound* copy of `call` that, when called, will call
// `call` with `this` set to `rawSlice`
var callBoundToSlice = call.bind(rawSlice);
(callBoundToSlice is just called slice in your question, but I'm using callBoundToSlice to avoid confusion.) Binding rawSlice to call was the first layer of this handling, determining what call will see as this. Calling callBoundToSlice will call call with this set to rawSlice. Then call will call the function it sees as this (rawSlice), using its first argument as the value for this during the call (the second layer of this handling) and passing on any further arguments.
So our forEach with a collection from querySelectorAll can now look like this:
callBoundToSlice(document.querySelectorAll("div")).forEach(function(div) {
// Each div here
});
That passes the collecton returned by querySelectorAll into callBoundToSlice, which calls call with this as rawSlice, which calls Array.prototype.slice with this set to the collection. Array.prototype.slice uses this to copy the array.
All of that said, using slice to turn array-like objects into true arrays is a bit out of date. ES2015 introduces the Array.from method, which can be shimmed/polyfilled on JavaScript engines that don't have it yet:
var divArray = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("div"));
What is the use of bind() in JavaScript?
Bind creates a new function that will force the this inside the function to be the parameter passed to bind().
Here's an example that shows how to use bind to pass a member method around that has the correct this:
var myButton = {
content: 'OK',
click() {
console.log(this.content + ' clicked');
}
};
myButton.click();
var looseClick = myButton.click;
looseClick(); // not bound, 'this' is not myButton - it is the globalThis
var boundClick = myButton.click.bind(myButton);
boundClick(); // bound, 'this' is myButton
Which prints out:
OK clicked
undefined clicked
OK clicked
You can also add extra parameters after the 1st (this) parameter and bind will pass in those values to the original function. Any additional parameters you later pass to the bound function will be passed in after the bound parameters:
// Example showing binding some parameters
var sum = function(a, b) {
return a + b;
};
var add5 = sum.bind(null, 5);
console.log(add5(10));
Which prints out:
15
Check out JavaScript Function bind for more info and interactive examples.
Update: ECMAScript 2015 adds support for => functions. => functions are more compact and do not change the this pointer from their defining scope, so you may not need to use bind() as often. For example, if you wanted a function on Button from the first example to hook up the click callback to a DOM event, the following are all valid ways of doing that:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// Use bind() to ensure 'this' is the 'this' inside click()
element.addEventListener('click', this.click.bind(this));
}
};
Or:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// Use a new variable for 'this' since 'this' inside the function
// will not be the 'this' inside hookEvent()
var me = this;
element.addEventListener('click', function() { me.click() });
}
};
Or:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// => functions do not change 'this', so you can use it directly
element.addEventListener('click', () => this.click());
}
};
The simplest use of bind() is to make a function that, no matter
how it is called, is called with a particular this value.
x = 9;
var module = {
x: 81,
getX: function () {
return this.x;
}
};
module.getX(); // 81
var getX = module.getX;
getX(); // 9, because in this case, "this" refers to the global object
// create a new function with 'this' bound to module
var boundGetX = getX.bind(module);
boundGetX(); // 81
Please refer to this link on MDN Web Docs for more information:
Function.prototype.bind()
bind allows-
set the value of "this" to an specific object. This becomes very helpful as sometimes this is not what is intended.
reuse methods
curry a function
For example, you have a function to deduct monthly club fees
function getMonthlyFee(fee){
var remaining = this.total - fee;
this.total = remaining;
return this.name +' remaining balance:'+remaining;
}
Now you want to reuse this function for a different club member. Note that the monthly fee will vary from member to member.
Let's imagine Rachel has a balance of 500, and a monthly membership fee of 90.
var rachel = {name:'Rachel Green', total:500};
Now, create a function that can be used again and again to deduct the fee from her account every month
//bind
var getRachelFee = getMonthlyFee.bind(rachel, 90);
//deduct
getRachelFee();//Rachel Green remaining balance:410
getRachelFee();//Rachel Green remaining balance:320
Now, the same getMonthlyFee function could be used for another member with a different membership fee. For Example, Ross Geller has a 250 balance and a monthly fee of 25
var ross = {name:'Ross Geller', total:250};
//bind
var getRossFee = getMonthlyFee.bind(ross, 25);
//deduct
getRossFee(); //Ross Geller remaining balance:225
getRossFee(); //Ross Geller remaining balance:200
From the MDN docs on Function.prototype.bind() :
The bind() method creates a new function that, when called, has its
this keyword set to the provided value, with a given sequence of
arguments preceding any provided when the new function is called.
So, what does that mean?!
Well, let's take a function that looks like this :
var logProp = function(prop) {
console.log(this[prop]);
};
Now, let's take an object that looks like this :
var Obj = {
x : 5,
y : 10
};
We can bind our function to our object like this :
Obj.log = logProp.bind(Obj);
Now, we can run Obj.log anywhere in our code :
Obj.log('x'); // Output : 5
Obj.log('y'); // Output : 10
This works, because we bound the value of this to our object Obj.
Where it really gets interesting, is when you not only bind a value for this, but also for its argument prop :
Obj.logX = logProp.bind(Obj, 'x');
Obj.logY = logProp.bind(Obj, 'y');
We can now do this :
Obj.logX(); // Output : 5
Obj.logY(); // Output : 10
Unlike with Obj.log, we do not have to pass x or y, because we passed those values when we did our binding.
Variables has local and global scopes. Let's suppose that we have two variables with the same name. One is globally defined and the other is defined inside a function closure and we want to get the variable value which is inside the function closure. In that case we use this bind() method. Please see the simple example below:
var x = 9; // this refers to global "window" object here in the browser
var person = {
x: 81,
getX: function() {
return this.x;
}
};
var y = person.getX; // It will return 9, because it will call global value of x(var x=9).
var x2 = y.bind(person); // It will return 81, because it will call local value of x, which is defined in the object called person(x=81).
document.getElementById("demo1").innerHTML = y();
document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = x2();
<p id="demo1">0</p>
<p id="demo2">0</p>
Summary:
The bind() method takes an object as an first argument and creates a new function. When the function is invoked the value of this in the function body will be the object which was passed in as an argument in the bind() function.
How does this work in JS anyway
The value of this in javascript is dependent always depends on what Object the function is called. The value of this always refers to the object left of the dot from where is the function is called. In case of the global scope this is window (or global in nodeJS). Only call, apply and bind can alter the this binding differently. Here is an example to show how the this keyword works:
let obj = {
prop1: 1,
func: function () { console.log(this); }
}
obj.func(); // obj left of the dot so this refers to obj
const customFunc = obj.func; // we store the function in the customFunc obj
customFunc(); // now the object left of the dot is window,
// customFunc() is shorthand for window.customFunc()
// Therefore window will be logged
How is bind used?
Bind can help in overcoming difficulties with the this keyword by having a fixed object where this will refer to. For example:
var name = 'globalName';
const obj = {
name: 'myName',
sayName: function () { console.log(this.name);}
}
const say = obj.sayName; // we are merely storing the function the value of this isn't magically transferred
say(); // now because this function is executed in global scope this will refer to the global var
const boundSay = obj.sayName.bind(obj); // now the value of this is bound to the obj object
boundSay(); // Now this will refer to the name in the obj object: 'myName'
Once the function is bound to a particular this value we can pass it around and even put it on properties on other objects. The value of this will remain the same.
The bind() method creates a new function instance whose this value is bound to the value that was passed into bind().
For example:
window.color = "red";
var o = { color: "blue" };
function sayColor(){
alert(this.color);
}
var objectSayColor = sayColor.bind(o);
objectSayColor(); //blue
Here, a new function called objectSayColor() is created from sayColor() by calling bind() and passing in the object o. The objectSayColor() function has a this value equivalent to o, so calling the function, even as a global call, results in the string “blue” being displayed.
Reference : Nicholas C. Zakas - PROFESSIONAL JAVASCRIPT® FOR WEB DEVELOPERS
I will explain bind theoretically as well as practically
bind in javascript is a method -- Function.prototype.bind . bind is a method. It is called on function prototype. This method creates a function whose body is similar to the function on which it is called but the 'this' refers to the first parameter passed to the bind method. Its syntax is
var bindedFunc = Func.bind(thisObj,optionsArg1,optionalArg2,optionalArg3,...);
Example:--
var checkRange = function(value){
if(typeof value !== "number"){
return false;
}
else {
return value >= this.minimum && value <= this.maximum;
}
}
var range = {minimum:10,maximum:20};
var boundedFunc = checkRange.bind(range); //bounded Function. this refers to range
var result = boundedFunc(15); //passing value
console.log(result) // will give true;
Creating a new Function by Binding Arguments to Values
The bind method creates a new function from another function with one or more arguments bound to specific values, including the implicit this argument.
Partial Application
This is an example of partial application. Normally we supply a function with all of its arguments which yields a value. This is known as function application. We are applying the function to its arguments.
A Higher Order Function (HOF)
Partial application is an example of a higher order function (HOF) because it yields a new function with a fewer number of argument.
Binding Multiple Arguments
You can use bind to transform functions with multiple arguments into new functions.
function multiply(x, y) {
return x * y;
}
let multiplyBy10 = multiply.bind(null, 10);
console.log(multiplyBy10(5));
Converting from Instance Method to Static Function
In the most common use case, when called with one argument the bind method will create a new function that has the this value bound to a specific value. In effect this transforms an instance method to a static method.
function Multiplier(factor) {
this.factor = factor;
}
Multiplier.prototype.multiply = function(x) {
return this.factor * x;
}
function ApplyFunction(func, value) {
return func(value);
}
var mul = new Multiplier(5);
// Produces garbage (NaN) because multiplying "undefined" by 10
console.log(ApplyFunction(mul.multiply, 10));
// Produces expected result: 50
console.log(ApplyFunction(mul.multiply.bind(mul), 10));
Implementing a Stateful CallBack
The following example shows how using binding of this can enable an object method to act as a callback that can easily update the state of an object.
function ButtonPressedLogger()
{
this.count = 0;
this.onPressed = function() {
this.count++;
console.log("pressed a button " + this.count + " times");
}
for (let d of document.getElementsByTagName("button"))
d.onclick = this.onPressed.bind(this);
}
new ButtonPressedLogger();
<button>press me</button>
<button>no press me</button>
As mentioned, Function.bind() lets you specify the context that the function will execute in (that is, it lets you pass in what object the this keyword will resolve to in the body of the function.
A couple of analogous toolkit API methods that perform a similar service:
jQuery.proxy()
Dojo.hitch()
Bind Method
A bind implementation might look something like so:
Function.prototype.bind = function () {
const self = this;
const args = [...arguments];
const context = args.shift();
return function () {
return self.apply(context, args.concat([...arguments]));
};
};
The bind function can take any number of arguments and return a new function.
The new function will call the original function using the JS Function.prototype.apply method.The apply method will use the first argument passed to the target function as its context (this), and the second array argument of the apply method will be a combination of the rest of the arguments from the target function, concat with the arguments used to call the return function (in that order).
An example can look something like so:
function Fruit(emoji) {
this.emoji = emoji;
}
Fruit.prototype.show = function () {
console.log(this.emoji);
};
const apple = new Fruit('🍎');
const orange = new Fruit('🍊');
apple.show(); // 🍎
orange.show(); // 🍊
const fruit1 = apple.show;
const fruit2 = apple.show.bind();
const fruit3 = apple.show.bind(apple);
const fruit4 = apple.show.bind(orange);
fruit1(); // undefined
fruit2(); // undefined
fruit3(); // 🍎
fruit4(); // 🍊
/**
* Bind is a method inherited from Function.prototype same like call and apply
* It basically helps to bind a function to an object's context during initialisation
*
* */
window.myname = "Jineesh";
var foo = function(){
return this.myname;
};
//IE < 8 has issues with this, supported in ecmascript 5
var obj = {
myname : "John",
fn:foo.bind(window)// binds to window object
};
console.log( obj.fn() ); // Returns Jineesh
Consider the Simple Program listed below,
//we create object user
let User = { name: 'Justin' };
//a Hello Function is created to Alert the object User
function Hello() {
alert(this.name);
}
//since there the value of this is lost we need to bind user to use this keyword
let user = Hello.bind(User);
user();
//we create an instance to refer the this keyword (this.name);
Simple Explanation:
bind() create a new function, a new reference at a function it returns to you.
In parameter after this keyword, you pass in the parameter you want to preconfigure. Actually it does not execute immediately, just prepares for execution.
You can preconfigure as many parameters as you want.
Simple Example to understand bind:
function calculate(operation) {
if (operation === 'ADD') {
alert('The Operation is Addition');
} else if (operation === 'SUBTRACT') {
alert('The Operation is Subtraction');
}
}
addBtn.addEventListener('click', calculate.bind(this, 'ADD'));
subtractBtn.addEventListener('click', calculate.bind(this, 'SUBTRACT'));
The bind function creates a new function with the same function body as the function it is calling .It is called with the this argument .why we use bind fun. : when every time a new instance is created and we have to use first initial instance then we use bind fun.We can't override the bind fun.simply it stores the initial object of the class.
setInterval(this.animate_to.bind(this), 1000/this.difference);
function.prototype.bind() accepts an Object.
It binds the calling function to the passed Object and the returns
the same.
When an object is bound to a function, it means you will be able to
access the values of that object from within the function using
'this' keyword.
It can also be said as,
function.prototype.bind() is used to provide/change the context of a
function.
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for(let i=1; i<= this.power; i++) {
product*=number;
}
return product;
}
let powerOfTwo = powerOfNumber.bind({power:2});
alert(powerOfTwo(2));
let powerOfThree = powerOfNumber.bind({power:3});
alert(powerOfThree(2));
let powerOfFour = powerOfNumber.bind({power:4});
alert(powerOfFour(2));
Let us try to understand this.
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for (let i = 1; i <= this.power; i++) {
product *= number;
}
return product;
}
Here, in this function, this corresponds to the object bound to the function powerOfNumber. Currently we don't have any function that is bound to this function.
Let us create a function powerOfTwo which will find the second power of a number using the above function.
let powerOfTwo = powerOfNumber.bind({power:2});
alert(powerOfTwo(2));
Here the object {power : 2} is passed to powerOfNumber function using bind.
The bind function binds this object to the powerOfNumber() and returns the below function to powerOfTwo. Now, powerOfTwo looks like,
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for(let i=1; i<=2; i++) {
product*=number;
}
return product;
}
Hence, powerOfTwo will find the second power.
Feel free to check this out.
bind() function in Javascript
The bind() method creates a new function that, when called, has its this keyword set to the provided value, with a given sequence of arguments preceding any provided when the new function is called.
An example for the first part
grabbed from react package useSt8
import { useState } from "react"
function st8() {
switch(arguments.length) {
case 0: return this[0]
case 1: return void this[1](arguments[0])
default: throw new Error("Expected 0 or 1 arguments")
}
}
function useSt8(initial) {
// this in st8 will be something like [state, setSatate]
return st8.bind(useState(initial))
}
// usage
function Counter() {
const count = useSt8(0);
return (
<>
Count: {count()}
<button onClick={() => count(0)}>Reset</button>
<button onClick={() => count(prevCount => prevCount + 1)}>inc</button>
</>
);
}
An example for the second part
const add = (a, b) => a+b
someThis = this
// new function with this value equal to someThis
add5 = add.bind(someThis, 5)
add5(10) // 15
// we don't use this in add decelartion so this will work too.
add10 = add.bind(null, 10)
add10(5) // 15
Here's the simplest possible explanation:
Say you have a function
function _loop(n) { console.log("so: " + n) }
obviously you can call it like _loop(69) as usual.
Rewrite like this:
var _loop = function() { console.log("so: " + this.n) }
Notice there are now
no arguments as such
you use "this. " to get to the named arguments
You can now call the function like this:
_loop.bind( {"n": 420} )
That's it.
Most typical use case:
A really typical use is when you need to add an argument to a callback.
Callbacks can't have arguments.
So just "rewrite" the callback as above.
Simple example
function lol(second, third) {
console.log(this.first, second, third);
}
lol(); // undefined, undefined, undefined
lol('1'); // undefined, "1", undefined
lol('1', '2'); // undefined, "1", "2"
lol.call({first: '1'}); // "1", undefined, undefined
lol.call({first: '1'}, '2'); // "1", "2", undefined
lol.call({first: '1'}, '2', '3'); // "1", "2", "3"
lol.apply({first: '1'}); // "1", undefined, undefined
lol.apply({first: '1'}, ['2', '3']); // "1", "2", "3"
const newLol = lol.bind({first: '1'});
newLol(); // "1", undefined, undefined
newLol('2'); // "1", "2", undefined
newLol('2', '3'); // "1", "2", "3"
const newOmg = lol.bind({first: '1'}, '2');
newOmg(); // "1", "2", undefined
newOmg('3'); // "1", "2", "3"
const newWtf = lol.bind({first: '1'}, '2', '3');
newWtf(); // "1", "2", "3"
Another usage is that you can pass binded function as an argument to another function which is operating under another execution context.
var name = "sample";
function sample(){
console.log(this.name);
}
var cb = sample.bind(this);
function somefunction(cb){
//other code
cb();
}
somefunction.call({}, cb);
In addition to what have been said, the bind() method allows an object to borrow a method from another object without making a copy of that method. This is known as function borrowing in JavaScript.
i did not read above code but i learn something in simple so want to share here about bind method after bind method we can use it as any normal method.
<pre> note: do not use arrow function it will show error undefined </pre>
let solarSystem = {
sun: 'red',
moon : 'white',
sunmoon : function(){
let dayNight = this.sun + ' is the sun color and present in day and '+this.moon + ' is the moon color and prenet in night';
return dayNight;
}
}
let work = function(work,sleep){
console.log(this.sunmoon()); // accessing the solatSystem it show error undefine sunmmon untill now because we can't access directly for that we use .bind()
console.log('i work in '+ work +' and sleep in '+sleep);
}
let outPut = work.bind(solarSystem);
outPut('day','night')
bind is a function which is available in java script prototype, as the name suggest bind is used to bind your function call to the context whichever you are dealing with for eg:
var rateOfInterest='4%';
var axisBank=
{
rateOfInterest:'10%',
getRateOfInterest:function()
{
return this.rateOfInterest;
}
}
axisBank.getRateOfInterest() //'10%'
let knowAxisBankInterest=axisBank.getRateOfInterest // when you want to assign the function call to a varaible we use this syntax
knowAxisBankInterest(); // you will get output as '4%' here by default the function is called wrt global context
let knowExactAxisBankInterest=knowAxisBankInterest.bind(axisBank); //so here we need bind function call to its local context
knowExactAxisBankInterest() // '10%'
I am working on a jQuery like javascript library. The syntax vill go as follows:
tex(selector).function();
In my javascript library, I have this:
(function(){
var tex = function(selector){
//selection code here
},
tex.prototype = {
// prototype functions here
}
})();
The problem that I have is how do I set this to equal the element. I have already tried this = document.getElement... but it didn't work. I know jQuery does this somehow but I haven't how.
Does anyone know how I can do this? Thank you so much.
You can only do it when you're calling a function, typically by using Function#call or Function#apply:
function foo() {
console.log("name = " + this.name);
}
var obj = {name: "Fred"};
foo.call(obj); // Outputs "Fred"
There, we call the foo function using call, passing in obj as the value to use as this during the call.
Applying that to a DOM element:
function foo() {
console.log("My id is " + this.id);
}
var elm = document.getElementById("whatever");
foo.call(elm); // "My id is whatever"
The value to use as this during the call is the first argument to call and apply. The only difference between the two is how you pass arguments to the function (foo, in our example above): With call, you pass them as subsequent discrete arguments:
theFunction.call(thisArg, firstArg, secondArg, thirdArg);
With apply, you give it an array of args:
var args = [firstArg, secondArg, thirdArg];
theFunction.apply(thisArg, args);
// or (of course)
theFunction.apply(thisArg, [firstArg, secondArg, thirdArg]);
// Note -------------------^-----------------------------^
So a more complete example:
function foo(firstArg, secondArg, thirdArg) {
console.log("name = " + this.name);
console.log("firstArg = " + firstArg);
console.log("secondArg = " + secondArg);
console.log("thirdArg = " + thirdArg);
}
var obj = {name: "Fred"};
// These two calls do exactly the same thing:
foo.call(obj, "one", "two", "three");
foo.apply(obj, ["one", "two", "three"]); // Note the [ and ]
jQuery does this by passing the selected elements as context to the callback function.
For instance...
tex.prototype = {
// prototype functions here
someMethod: function(callback) {
callback.apply(this, arguments);
}
}
You can pass any javascript object for the context, so this in the example above could be your selected element(s).
Edit:
For clarity. You could do this in your tex function.
var element;
var tex = function(selector){
element = document.getElementById(selector);
}
And then in the first example, use element instead of this.
As a side note, your tex variable isn't currently accessible outside of your self-executing anonymous function.
What is the use of bind() in JavaScript?
Bind creates a new function that will force the this inside the function to be the parameter passed to bind().
Here's an example that shows how to use bind to pass a member method around that has the correct this:
var myButton = {
content: 'OK',
click() {
console.log(this.content + ' clicked');
}
};
myButton.click();
var looseClick = myButton.click;
looseClick(); // not bound, 'this' is not myButton - it is the globalThis
var boundClick = myButton.click.bind(myButton);
boundClick(); // bound, 'this' is myButton
Which prints out:
OK clicked
undefined clicked
OK clicked
You can also add extra parameters after the 1st (this) parameter and bind will pass in those values to the original function. Any additional parameters you later pass to the bound function will be passed in after the bound parameters:
// Example showing binding some parameters
var sum = function(a, b) {
return a + b;
};
var add5 = sum.bind(null, 5);
console.log(add5(10));
Which prints out:
15
Check out JavaScript Function bind for more info and interactive examples.
Update: ECMAScript 2015 adds support for => functions. => functions are more compact and do not change the this pointer from their defining scope, so you may not need to use bind() as often. For example, if you wanted a function on Button from the first example to hook up the click callback to a DOM event, the following are all valid ways of doing that:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// Use bind() to ensure 'this' is the 'this' inside click()
element.addEventListener('click', this.click.bind(this));
}
};
Or:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// Use a new variable for 'this' since 'this' inside the function
// will not be the 'this' inside hookEvent()
var me = this;
element.addEventListener('click', function() { me.click() });
}
};
Or:
var myButton = {
... // As above
hookEvent(element) {
// => functions do not change 'this', so you can use it directly
element.addEventListener('click', () => this.click());
}
};
The simplest use of bind() is to make a function that, no matter
how it is called, is called with a particular this value.
x = 9;
var module = {
x: 81,
getX: function () {
return this.x;
}
};
module.getX(); // 81
var getX = module.getX;
getX(); // 9, because in this case, "this" refers to the global object
// create a new function with 'this' bound to module
var boundGetX = getX.bind(module);
boundGetX(); // 81
Please refer to this link on MDN Web Docs for more information:
Function.prototype.bind()
bind allows-
set the value of "this" to an specific object. This becomes very helpful as sometimes this is not what is intended.
reuse methods
curry a function
For example, you have a function to deduct monthly club fees
function getMonthlyFee(fee){
var remaining = this.total - fee;
this.total = remaining;
return this.name +' remaining balance:'+remaining;
}
Now you want to reuse this function for a different club member. Note that the monthly fee will vary from member to member.
Let's imagine Rachel has a balance of 500, and a monthly membership fee of 90.
var rachel = {name:'Rachel Green', total:500};
Now, create a function that can be used again and again to deduct the fee from her account every month
//bind
var getRachelFee = getMonthlyFee.bind(rachel, 90);
//deduct
getRachelFee();//Rachel Green remaining balance:410
getRachelFee();//Rachel Green remaining balance:320
Now, the same getMonthlyFee function could be used for another member with a different membership fee. For Example, Ross Geller has a 250 balance and a monthly fee of 25
var ross = {name:'Ross Geller', total:250};
//bind
var getRossFee = getMonthlyFee.bind(ross, 25);
//deduct
getRossFee(); //Ross Geller remaining balance:225
getRossFee(); //Ross Geller remaining balance:200
From the MDN docs on Function.prototype.bind() :
The bind() method creates a new function that, when called, has its
this keyword set to the provided value, with a given sequence of
arguments preceding any provided when the new function is called.
So, what does that mean?!
Well, let's take a function that looks like this :
var logProp = function(prop) {
console.log(this[prop]);
};
Now, let's take an object that looks like this :
var Obj = {
x : 5,
y : 10
};
We can bind our function to our object like this :
Obj.log = logProp.bind(Obj);
Now, we can run Obj.log anywhere in our code :
Obj.log('x'); // Output : 5
Obj.log('y'); // Output : 10
This works, because we bound the value of this to our object Obj.
Where it really gets interesting, is when you not only bind a value for this, but also for its argument prop :
Obj.logX = logProp.bind(Obj, 'x');
Obj.logY = logProp.bind(Obj, 'y');
We can now do this :
Obj.logX(); // Output : 5
Obj.logY(); // Output : 10
Unlike with Obj.log, we do not have to pass x or y, because we passed those values when we did our binding.
Variables has local and global scopes. Let's suppose that we have two variables with the same name. One is globally defined and the other is defined inside a function closure and we want to get the variable value which is inside the function closure. In that case we use this bind() method. Please see the simple example below:
var x = 9; // this refers to global "window" object here in the browser
var person = {
x: 81,
getX: function() {
return this.x;
}
};
var y = person.getX; // It will return 9, because it will call global value of x(var x=9).
var x2 = y.bind(person); // It will return 81, because it will call local value of x, which is defined in the object called person(x=81).
document.getElementById("demo1").innerHTML = y();
document.getElementById("demo2").innerHTML = x2();
<p id="demo1">0</p>
<p id="demo2">0</p>
Summary:
The bind() method takes an object as an first argument and creates a new function. When the function is invoked the value of this in the function body will be the object which was passed in as an argument in the bind() function.
How does this work in JS anyway
The value of this in javascript is dependent always depends on what Object the function is called. The value of this always refers to the object left of the dot from where is the function is called. In case of the global scope this is window (or global in nodeJS). Only call, apply and bind can alter the this binding differently. Here is an example to show how the this keyword works:
let obj = {
prop1: 1,
func: function () { console.log(this); }
}
obj.func(); // obj left of the dot so this refers to obj
const customFunc = obj.func; // we store the function in the customFunc obj
customFunc(); // now the object left of the dot is window,
// customFunc() is shorthand for window.customFunc()
// Therefore window will be logged
How is bind used?
Bind can help in overcoming difficulties with the this keyword by having a fixed object where this will refer to. For example:
var name = 'globalName';
const obj = {
name: 'myName',
sayName: function () { console.log(this.name);}
}
const say = obj.sayName; // we are merely storing the function the value of this isn't magically transferred
say(); // now because this function is executed in global scope this will refer to the global var
const boundSay = obj.sayName.bind(obj); // now the value of this is bound to the obj object
boundSay(); // Now this will refer to the name in the obj object: 'myName'
Once the function is bound to a particular this value we can pass it around and even put it on properties on other objects. The value of this will remain the same.
The bind() method creates a new function instance whose this value is bound to the value that was passed into bind().
For example:
window.color = "red";
var o = { color: "blue" };
function sayColor(){
alert(this.color);
}
var objectSayColor = sayColor.bind(o);
objectSayColor(); //blue
Here, a new function called objectSayColor() is created from sayColor() by calling bind() and passing in the object o. The objectSayColor() function has a this value equivalent to o, so calling the function, even as a global call, results in the string “blue” being displayed.
Reference : Nicholas C. Zakas - PROFESSIONAL JAVASCRIPT® FOR WEB DEVELOPERS
I will explain bind theoretically as well as practically
bind in javascript is a method -- Function.prototype.bind . bind is a method. It is called on function prototype. This method creates a function whose body is similar to the function on which it is called but the 'this' refers to the first parameter passed to the bind method. Its syntax is
var bindedFunc = Func.bind(thisObj,optionsArg1,optionalArg2,optionalArg3,...);
Example:--
var checkRange = function(value){
if(typeof value !== "number"){
return false;
}
else {
return value >= this.minimum && value <= this.maximum;
}
}
var range = {minimum:10,maximum:20};
var boundedFunc = checkRange.bind(range); //bounded Function. this refers to range
var result = boundedFunc(15); //passing value
console.log(result) // will give true;
Creating a new Function by Binding Arguments to Values
The bind method creates a new function from another function with one or more arguments bound to specific values, including the implicit this argument.
Partial Application
This is an example of partial application. Normally we supply a function with all of its arguments which yields a value. This is known as function application. We are applying the function to its arguments.
A Higher Order Function (HOF)
Partial application is an example of a higher order function (HOF) because it yields a new function with a fewer number of argument.
Binding Multiple Arguments
You can use bind to transform functions with multiple arguments into new functions.
function multiply(x, y) {
return x * y;
}
let multiplyBy10 = multiply.bind(null, 10);
console.log(multiplyBy10(5));
Converting from Instance Method to Static Function
In the most common use case, when called with one argument the bind method will create a new function that has the this value bound to a specific value. In effect this transforms an instance method to a static method.
function Multiplier(factor) {
this.factor = factor;
}
Multiplier.prototype.multiply = function(x) {
return this.factor * x;
}
function ApplyFunction(func, value) {
return func(value);
}
var mul = new Multiplier(5);
// Produces garbage (NaN) because multiplying "undefined" by 10
console.log(ApplyFunction(mul.multiply, 10));
// Produces expected result: 50
console.log(ApplyFunction(mul.multiply.bind(mul), 10));
Implementing a Stateful CallBack
The following example shows how using binding of this can enable an object method to act as a callback that can easily update the state of an object.
function ButtonPressedLogger()
{
this.count = 0;
this.onPressed = function() {
this.count++;
console.log("pressed a button " + this.count + " times");
}
for (let d of document.getElementsByTagName("button"))
d.onclick = this.onPressed.bind(this);
}
new ButtonPressedLogger();
<button>press me</button>
<button>no press me</button>
As mentioned, Function.bind() lets you specify the context that the function will execute in (that is, it lets you pass in what object the this keyword will resolve to in the body of the function.
A couple of analogous toolkit API methods that perform a similar service:
jQuery.proxy()
Dojo.hitch()
Bind Method
A bind implementation might look something like so:
Function.prototype.bind = function () {
const self = this;
const args = [...arguments];
const context = args.shift();
return function () {
return self.apply(context, args.concat([...arguments]));
};
};
The bind function can take any number of arguments and return a new function.
The new function will call the original function using the JS Function.prototype.apply method.The apply method will use the first argument passed to the target function as its context (this), and the second array argument of the apply method will be a combination of the rest of the arguments from the target function, concat with the arguments used to call the return function (in that order).
An example can look something like so:
function Fruit(emoji) {
this.emoji = emoji;
}
Fruit.prototype.show = function () {
console.log(this.emoji);
};
const apple = new Fruit('🍎');
const orange = new Fruit('🍊');
apple.show(); // 🍎
orange.show(); // 🍊
const fruit1 = apple.show;
const fruit2 = apple.show.bind();
const fruit3 = apple.show.bind(apple);
const fruit4 = apple.show.bind(orange);
fruit1(); // undefined
fruit2(); // undefined
fruit3(); // 🍎
fruit4(); // 🍊
/**
* Bind is a method inherited from Function.prototype same like call and apply
* It basically helps to bind a function to an object's context during initialisation
*
* */
window.myname = "Jineesh";
var foo = function(){
return this.myname;
};
//IE < 8 has issues with this, supported in ecmascript 5
var obj = {
myname : "John",
fn:foo.bind(window)// binds to window object
};
console.log( obj.fn() ); // Returns Jineesh
Consider the Simple Program listed below,
//we create object user
let User = { name: 'Justin' };
//a Hello Function is created to Alert the object User
function Hello() {
alert(this.name);
}
//since there the value of this is lost we need to bind user to use this keyword
let user = Hello.bind(User);
user();
//we create an instance to refer the this keyword (this.name);
Simple Explanation:
bind() create a new function, a new reference at a function it returns to you.
In parameter after this keyword, you pass in the parameter you want to preconfigure. Actually it does not execute immediately, just prepares for execution.
You can preconfigure as many parameters as you want.
Simple Example to understand bind:
function calculate(operation) {
if (operation === 'ADD') {
alert('The Operation is Addition');
} else if (operation === 'SUBTRACT') {
alert('The Operation is Subtraction');
}
}
addBtn.addEventListener('click', calculate.bind(this, 'ADD'));
subtractBtn.addEventListener('click', calculate.bind(this, 'SUBTRACT'));
The bind function creates a new function with the same function body as the function it is calling .It is called with the this argument .why we use bind fun. : when every time a new instance is created and we have to use first initial instance then we use bind fun.We can't override the bind fun.simply it stores the initial object of the class.
setInterval(this.animate_to.bind(this), 1000/this.difference);
function.prototype.bind() accepts an Object.
It binds the calling function to the passed Object and the returns
the same.
When an object is bound to a function, it means you will be able to
access the values of that object from within the function using
'this' keyword.
It can also be said as,
function.prototype.bind() is used to provide/change the context of a
function.
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for(let i=1; i<= this.power; i++) {
product*=number;
}
return product;
}
let powerOfTwo = powerOfNumber.bind({power:2});
alert(powerOfTwo(2));
let powerOfThree = powerOfNumber.bind({power:3});
alert(powerOfThree(2));
let powerOfFour = powerOfNumber.bind({power:4});
alert(powerOfFour(2));
Let us try to understand this.
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for (let i = 1; i <= this.power; i++) {
product *= number;
}
return product;
}
Here, in this function, this corresponds to the object bound to the function powerOfNumber. Currently we don't have any function that is bound to this function.
Let us create a function powerOfTwo which will find the second power of a number using the above function.
let powerOfTwo = powerOfNumber.bind({power:2});
alert(powerOfTwo(2));
Here the object {power : 2} is passed to powerOfNumber function using bind.
The bind function binds this object to the powerOfNumber() and returns the below function to powerOfTwo. Now, powerOfTwo looks like,
let powerOfNumber = function(number) {
let product = 1;
for(let i=1; i<=2; i++) {
product*=number;
}
return product;
}
Hence, powerOfTwo will find the second power.
Feel free to check this out.
bind() function in Javascript
The bind() method creates a new function that, when called, has its this keyword set to the provided value, with a given sequence of arguments preceding any provided when the new function is called.
An example for the first part
grabbed from react package useSt8
import { useState } from "react"
function st8() {
switch(arguments.length) {
case 0: return this[0]
case 1: return void this[1](arguments[0])
default: throw new Error("Expected 0 or 1 arguments")
}
}
function useSt8(initial) {
// this in st8 will be something like [state, setSatate]
return st8.bind(useState(initial))
}
// usage
function Counter() {
const count = useSt8(0);
return (
<>
Count: {count()}
<button onClick={() => count(0)}>Reset</button>
<button onClick={() => count(prevCount => prevCount + 1)}>inc</button>
</>
);
}
An example for the second part
const add = (a, b) => a+b
someThis = this
// new function with this value equal to someThis
add5 = add.bind(someThis, 5)
add5(10) // 15
// we don't use this in add decelartion so this will work too.
add10 = add.bind(null, 10)
add10(5) // 15
Here's the simplest possible explanation:
Say you have a function
function _loop(n) { console.log("so: " + n) }
obviously you can call it like _loop(69) as usual.
Rewrite like this:
var _loop = function() { console.log("so: " + this.n) }
Notice there are now
no arguments as such
you use "this. " to get to the named arguments
You can now call the function like this:
_loop.bind( {"n": 420} )
That's it.
Most typical use case:
A really typical use is when you need to add an argument to a callback.
Callbacks can't have arguments.
So just "rewrite" the callback as above.
Simple example
function lol(second, third) {
console.log(this.first, second, third);
}
lol(); // undefined, undefined, undefined
lol('1'); // undefined, "1", undefined
lol('1', '2'); // undefined, "1", "2"
lol.call({first: '1'}); // "1", undefined, undefined
lol.call({first: '1'}, '2'); // "1", "2", undefined
lol.call({first: '1'}, '2', '3'); // "1", "2", "3"
lol.apply({first: '1'}); // "1", undefined, undefined
lol.apply({first: '1'}, ['2', '3']); // "1", "2", "3"
const newLol = lol.bind({first: '1'});
newLol(); // "1", undefined, undefined
newLol('2'); // "1", "2", undefined
newLol('2', '3'); // "1", "2", "3"
const newOmg = lol.bind({first: '1'}, '2');
newOmg(); // "1", "2", undefined
newOmg('3'); // "1", "2", "3"
const newWtf = lol.bind({first: '1'}, '2', '3');
newWtf(); // "1", "2", "3"
Another usage is that you can pass binded function as an argument to another function which is operating under another execution context.
var name = "sample";
function sample(){
console.log(this.name);
}
var cb = sample.bind(this);
function somefunction(cb){
//other code
cb();
}
somefunction.call({}, cb);
In addition to what have been said, the bind() method allows an object to borrow a method from another object without making a copy of that method. This is known as function borrowing in JavaScript.
i did not read above code but i learn something in simple so want to share here about bind method after bind method we can use it as any normal method.
<pre> note: do not use arrow function it will show error undefined </pre>
let solarSystem = {
sun: 'red',
moon : 'white',
sunmoon : function(){
let dayNight = this.sun + ' is the sun color and present in day and '+this.moon + ' is the moon color and prenet in night';
return dayNight;
}
}
let work = function(work,sleep){
console.log(this.sunmoon()); // accessing the solatSystem it show error undefine sunmmon untill now because we can't access directly for that we use .bind()
console.log('i work in '+ work +' and sleep in '+sleep);
}
let outPut = work.bind(solarSystem);
outPut('day','night')
bind is a function which is available in java script prototype, as the name suggest bind is used to bind your function call to the context whichever you are dealing with for eg:
var rateOfInterest='4%';
var axisBank=
{
rateOfInterest:'10%',
getRateOfInterest:function()
{
return this.rateOfInterest;
}
}
axisBank.getRateOfInterest() //'10%'
let knowAxisBankInterest=axisBank.getRateOfInterest // when you want to assign the function call to a varaible we use this syntax
knowAxisBankInterest(); // you will get output as '4%' here by default the function is called wrt global context
let knowExactAxisBankInterest=knowAxisBankInterest.bind(axisBank); //so here we need bind function call to its local context
knowExactAxisBankInterest() // '10%'