What's the best way to add the coordinates of a circle to an array in JavaScript? So far I've only been able to do a half circle, but I need a formula that returns the whole circle to two different arrays: xValues and yValues. (I'm trying to get the coordinates so I can animate an object along a path.)
Here's what I have so far:
circle: function(radius, steps, centerX, centerY){
var xValues = [centerX];
var yValues = [centerY];
for (var i = 1; i < steps; i++) {
xValues[i] = (centerX + radius * Math.cos(Math.PI * i / steps-Math.PI/2));
yValues[i] = (centerY + radius * Math.sin(Math.PI * i / steps-Math.PI/2));
}
}
Your loop should be set up like this instead:
for (var i = 0; i < steps; i++) {
xValues[i] = (centerX + radius * Math.cos(2 * Math.PI * i / steps));
yValues[i] = (centerY + radius * Math.sin(2 * Math.PI * i / steps));
}
Start your loop at 0
Step through the entire 2 * PI range, not just PI.
You shouldn't have the var xValues = [centerX]; var yValues = [centerY]; -- the center of the circle is not a part of it.
Bresenham's algorithm is way faster. You hear of it in relation to drawing straight lines, but there's a form of the algorithm for circles.
Whether you use that or continue with the trig calculations (which are blazingly fast these days) - you only need to draw 1/8th of the circle. By swapping x,y you can get another 1/8th, and then the negative of x, of y, and of both - swapped and unswapped - gives you points for all the rest of the circle. A speedup of 8x!
Change:
Math.PI * i / steps
to:
2*Math.PI * i / steps
A full circle is 2pi radians, and you are only going to pi radians.
You need to use a partial function to input the radians into cos and sin; therefore take the values you're getting for a quarter or half of the circle, and reflect them over the center points' axis to get your full circle.
That said JavaScript's sin and cos aren't quite as picky, so you must have halved your radian or something; I'd write it as:
function circle(radius, steps, centerX, centerY){
var xValues = [centerX];
var yValues = [centerY];
var table="<tr><th>Step</th><th>X</th><th>Y</th></tr>";
var ctx = document.getElementById("canvas").getContext("2d");
ctx.fillStyle = "red"
ctx.beginPath();
for (var i = 0; i <= steps; i++) {
var radian = (2*Math.PI) * (i/steps);
xValues[i+1] = centerX + radius * Math.cos(radian);
yValues[i+1] = centerY + radius * Math.sin(radian);
if(0==i){ctx.moveTo(xValues[i+1],yValues[i+1]);}else{ctx.lineTo(xValues[i+1],yValues[i+1]);}
table += "<tr><td>" + i + "</td><td>" + xValues[i+1] + "</td><td>" + yValues[i+1] + "</td></tr>";
}
ctx.fill();
return table;
}
document.body.innerHTML="<canvas id=\"canvas\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\"></canvas><table id=\"table\"/>";
document.getElementById("table").innerHTML+=circle(150,15,150,150);
I assumed that for whatever reason you wanted xValues[0] and yValues[0] to be centerX and centerY. I can't figure out why you'd want that, as they're values passed into the function already.
If you already have half a circle, just mirror the points to get the other half
make sure you do this in the right order.
more speficically, for the other half you simply replace the "+ sin(...)" with a "- sin(...)"
I was able to solve it on my own by multiplying the number of steps by 2:
circle: function(radius, steps, centerX, centerY){
var xValues = [centerX];
var yValues = [centerY];
for (var i = 1; i < steps; i++) {
xValues[i] = (centerX + radius * Math.cos(Math.PI * i / steps*2-Math.PI/2));
yValues[i] = (centerY + radius * Math.sin(Math.PI * i / steps*2-Math.PI/2));
}
}
Related
I have created a blob with small points. I want my blob to show noise on its surface according to mouseX and mouseY. I want it to show high noise in the quadrant in which the mouse lies. I want it to be wavy. Below is my code.
var ctx = document.querySelector("canvas").getContext("2d");
var cx = 200;
var cy = 200;
var radius = 50;
var amp = 2;
var mouseX = 0;
var mouseY = 0;
document.querySelector("canvas").addEventListener("mousemove", function (e) {
mouseX = e.clientX;
mouseY = e.clientY;
});
function drawTheBlob() {
ctx.fillStyle = "#000";
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 400, 400);
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.strokeStyle = "#fff";
for (var a = 0; a < 360; a ++) {
var angle = a * Math.PI/180;
var x = cx + radius * Math.cos(angle) + Math.random() * amp;
var y = cy + radius * Math.sin(angle) + Math.random() * amp;
ctx.lineTo(x, y);
}
ctx.stroke();
ctx.closePath();
requestAnimationFrame(drawTheBlob);
}
drawTheBlob();
<canvas width="400" height="400"></canvas>
Adds a sin wave on the circle. Use ctx.arc to draw the flat part of the circle for speed as drawing many circles with lines will be slow. See code for comments on what is done.
var ctx = document.querySelector("canvas").getContext("2d");
ctx.lineWidth = 3;
ctx.lineJoin = "round";
var cx = 100;
var cy = 100;
var radius = 50;
var mouseX = 0;
var mouseY = 0;
const quadWidth = Math.PI / 2; // area of effect PI/2 is 90 degree
const steps = radius / quadWidth; // number steps around the circle matches 1 pixel per step,
const noiseAmpMax = 5; // in pixels
const noiseWaveMoveSpeed = 2; // speed of waves on circle in radians per second
const noiseWaveFreq = 16; // how many waves per 360 deg
document.querySelector("canvas").addEventListener("mousemove", function(e) {
mouseX = e.clientX;
mouseY = e.clientY;
});
function drawTheBlob(time) { // time is passed from the requestAnimationFrame call
var amp = 0; // amplitude of noise
var wavePos = ((time / 1000) * Math.PI) * noiseWaveMoveSpeed;
var mouseDir = Math.atan2(mouseY - cy, mouseX - cx);
ctx.fillStyle = "#000";
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 400, 400);
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.strokeStyle = "#fff";
ctx.fillStyle = "red";
// draw arc for parts that have no noise as it is a log quicker
ctx.arc(cx, cy, radius, mouseDir + quadWidth / 2, mouseDir + Math.PI * 2 - quadWidth / 2);
for (var a = 0; a < 1; a += 1 / steps) {
var angle = (mouseDir - quadWidth / 2) + a * quadWidth;
var angDist = Math.abs(angle - mouseDir); // find angular distance from mouse
// as a positive value, it does not mater
// what the sign is
if (angDist < quadWidth / 2) { // is angle distance within the range of effect
// normalise the distance (make it 0 to 1)
amp = 1 - angDist / (quadWidth / 2);
} else {
amp = 0; // no noise
}
// amp will be zero if away from mouse direction and 0 to 1 the closer to
// mouse angle it gets.
// add a sin wave to the radius and scale it by amp
var dist = radius + Math.sin(wavePos + noiseWaveFreq * angle) * noiseAmpMax * amp;
var x = cx + dist * Math.cos(angle);
var y = cy + dist * Math.sin(angle);
ctx.lineTo(x, y);
}
ctx.closePath(); // use close path to close the gap (only needed if you need to draw a line from the end to the start. It is not needed to match beginPath
ctx.fill();
ctx.stroke();
requestAnimationFrame(drawTheBlob);
}
requestAnimationFrame(drawTheBlob); // start this way so that you get the time argument
<canvas width="200" height="200"></canvas>
How it works.
Mouse direction
First we need the direction from the circle to the mouse. To do that we use the function Math.atan2 It takes the vector from the circle to the mouse and returns the direction in radians. The function is a little weird as it takes y first, then x.
var mouseDir = Math.atan2(mouseY - cy, mouseX - cx);
Draw arc to save CPU time
Now that we have the direction to the mouse we can draw the parts of the circle that has no noise using arc .
ctx.arc(cx, cy, radius, mouseDir + quadWidth / 2, mouseDir + Math.PI * 2 - quadWidth / 2);
The variable quadWidth is angular size of the noise bit so from the mouseDir we add half that angular width and draw the arc around to mouseDir plus 360deg take half the quadWidth.
Quick word on Radians
Almost all programming languages use radians to define angles, 360deg is equal to 2 * PI or 2 * 3.1415, which can be hard to get your head around, but there is good reason to use radians. For now just remember that a full circle in radians is 2 * Math.PI = 360deg, Math.PI = 180deg, Math.PI / 2 = 90deg, Math.PI / 4 = 45Deg and Math.PI / 180 = 1deg. You dont have to remember the digits just Math.PI is half a circle.
quadWidth from above is a constant defined as const quadWidth = Math.PI / 2; which is 90deg.
The for loop
The for loop only draws the (Math.PI / 2) 90deg section around the mouseDir, from 45 deg left to 45 right. or whatever you set quadWidth to.
for (var a = 0; a < 1; a += 1 / steps) {
I loop from 0 to 1 the number of steps that give a reasonably smooth curve. We can find what part of the noisy arc we are drawing by multiplying the value a *
quadWidth and adding that to the mouseDir - quadWidth / 2. This means that we start at mouseDir - 45deg and move clock wise to mouseDir + 45deg
var angle = (mouseDir - quadWidth / 2) + a * quadWidth;
Next i find how far that angle is from the mouseDir (could optimize it here a bit here but this way is a little more flexible, if you want to draw more noise on the other part of the arc)
var angDist = Math.abs(angle - mouseDir);
If that number is less than quadWidth / 2 convert the value to the range 0 to 1 where 0 is at the angle furthest from the mouse direction and 1 closest.
if (angDist < quadWidth / 2) {
amp = 1 - angDist / (quadWidth / 2);
} else {
amp = 0;
}
The sin wave
Now we calculate the radius of the circle at the current angle and add a sin wave to it. First the radius then the sin wave multiplied by the amp calculated in the last step. Where amp is zero none of the sin wave is added, where amp is 1 (in the direction of the mouse) the full sin wave is added.
var dist = radius + Math.sin(wavePos + noiseWaveFreq * angle) * noiseAmpMax * amp
The values wavePos, noiseWaveFreq, and noiseAmpMax control the animation of the sin wave. Play around with these values to get a feel of what they do, wavePos is calculated based on the time at the start of the function.
With dist we can calculate the x,y position for the next line of the circle
var x = cx + dist * Math.cos(angle);
var y = cy + dist * Math.sin(angle);
ctx.lineTo(x, y);
Experiment
I added some constants
const quadWidth = Math.PI / 2; // area of effect PI/2 is 90 degree
const steps = radius / quadWidth; // number steps around the circle matches 1 pixel per step,
const noiseAmpMax = 5; // in pixels
const noiseWaveMoveSpeed = 2; // speed of waves on circle in radians per second
const noiseWaveFreq = 16; // how many waves per 360 deg
To get a understanding what they do experiment and change the numbers to see what happens.
I'd like to evenly devide a n number of chairs around a round table.
Tried several solutions that involve animation an object around a circle, but I'm not able to convert any of them to a solution for my problem.
(http://jsfiddle.net/m1erickson/dFctW/ and http://jsfiddle.net/Cu6Zv/1/)
The project I'm working on involves a chosen amount of chairs that need to be devided among a chosen amount of tables. I managed to sort of build a prototype, but the chairs are not evenly devided and not rotated toward the center of the table.
var step = 360 / chairs;
for(var count = 0; count < chairs; count++){
angle += Math.acos(1-Math.pow(step/radius,2)/2);
var x = cx + radius * Math.cos(angle);
var y = cy + radius * Math.sin(angle);
ctx.rect(x-5,y-5,10,10);
ctx.stroke();
}
I created a jsfiddle of what I've got so far.
Hopefully someone can explain me how to:
Translate the chairs evenly around the circle
Rotate each chair to line up with the table (pointed towards the center of the table)
Perhaps explain the math behind it, so I can understand what it's doing and how it could be adapted if needed.
Thanks in advance.
You're almost at right track with the code. Simply use radians instead and drop the acos line:
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
var angle = 0;
var chairs = 6;
var cx = c.width>>1, cy = c.height>>1, radius = (c.height>>1)-10;
var step = Math.PI * 2 / chairs;
for(var count = 0; count < chairs; count++){
var x = cx + radius * Math.cos(angle);
var y = cy + radius * Math.sin(angle);
ctx.rect(x-5,y-5,10,10);
angle += step;
}
ctx.stroke();
<canvas id=c></canvas>
Now, all the chairs will face the same direction. If you want to rotate them so they face center of tables it's perhaps easier to use transforms instead of manually calculating the position:
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
var angle = 0;
var chairs = 6;
var cx = c.width>>1, cy = c.height>>1, radius = (c.height>>1)-10;
var step = Math.PI * 2 / chairs;
// translate to center
ctx.translate(cx, cy);
for(var count = 0; count < chairs; count++){
// rotate around center (0,0)
ctx.rotate(step);
// draw using radius as offser on x-axis only
ctx.rect(radius -5,-5,10,10);
ctx.rect(radius -5, -1, 4,2);
}
ctx.stroke();
<canvas id=c></canvas>
For your first problem, try changing:
var step = 360 / chairs;
to
var step = 360 / (chairs + 1);
I don't understand a lot about the code below and I would like someone to break it down piece by piece.
$(function() {
var centerX = 200,
centerY = 200,
radius = 100,
width = 15,
angles = []
function draw() {
var ctx = document.getElementById("canvas").getContext("2d");
var angle;
//why 180
for (var i = 0; i < 180; i += 10) {
//is the "angle" increasing on every iteration? can you demostrate this please
angle = 2.1 + (i * Math.PI / 90);
angles.push(angle)
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(
centerX + Math.sin(angle) * radius,
centerY + Math.cos(angle) * radius
);
ctx.lineTo(
centerX + Math.sin(angle) * (radius + width),
centerY + Math.cos(angle) * (radius + width)
);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.stroke();
}
}
draw()
console.log(angles)
var str = "";
angles.forEach(function(e, i) {
str += " " + i + " : " + e + "|| Math.sin = " + Math.sin(e) + "|| Math.sin * radius = " + Math.sin(e) * radius
$(".display").html(str)
})
})
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.0.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<canvas id="canvas" width="400" height="400"></canvas>
<div class="display"></div>
like for this part angle = 2.1 + (i * Math.PI / 90); I see i is incrementing by 10 and the author is multiplying it by Math.PI / 90 which is equal to 0.0348888888888889. I know Math.PI is 180 degrees, but were not doing 180/90. We're increasing the number 2.1 by small amount. I can't put all the pieces together.
and in for(var i = 0; i < 180; i += 10){ why did the author choose 180. I know 180 degrees is a half a circle is that why they chose it?
And I always see in other code people use cos for the x coord and sin for the y coord. It doesn't look like the author uses it like the way i just described. could you elaborate.
Any help would be appreciated!
EDIT: I'm also wondering when we use for(var i = 0; i < 180; i += 10){ we get the dashes in a full circle and when i do i < 90 we get a half a circle but the half circle is not straight like against an x or y axis its on an angle. why is it not on the axis? why is it on an angle?
Let's start with SOH CAH TOA (link).
Given Right angled triangle (one side is 90 deg)..
Triangle has an angle.
Triangle has a side that's Opposite (O) to the angle.
Triangle has side that touches both, the angle and the right angle, called (A) Adjacent Side.
Triangle has a side that is called Hypotenuse (H). This is the side that also touches the Angle but doesn't make a right angle with Opposite side.
Now to find any side you need to know at minimum the angle and 1 another side.
Ex: You know angle, Q, is 40deg and Hypotenuse is 10. So what is Adjacent;
Looking at SOH CAH TOA. I See that I know H, and need to know A. CAH has both. So I choose CAH.
Cos Q = Adj/Hyp
Now if you put this Triangle inside circle. Then Hyp will become the radius, like so:
Cos Q = Adj/radius
Now to draw line going outward from a circle i need to know a starting point and the ending point of a line AND i need to make those points align with circle angles.
To get starting point i can just use circle's boundary.
So to get x,y for a point on circle boundary i solve this equation further..
Cos Q * radius = Adj
Cos Q * radius = x //adj is x
& for y...
SOH
Sin Q = Opp/Hyp
Sin Q = Opp/radius
Sin Q * radius = Opp
Sin Q * radius = y
So
x = Cos Q * radius
y = Sin Q * radius
or in js..
var x = Math.cos(angle) * radius;
var y = Math.sin(angle) * radius;
Now we have points that follow a circle's boundary. But for there to be line like we want, we need two points.
This code simply puts in a bigger radius, which gives bigger circle, which gives 2nd points what we needed.
ctx.lineTo(
centerX + Math.sin(angle) * (radius + width),
centerY + Math.cos(angle) * (radius + width));
Code Formatted to be clear:
var centerX = 200,
centerY = 200,
radius = 100,
width = 15,
angles = [],
ctx = document.getElementById("canvas").getContext("2d");
function draw() {
var angle;
for (var i = 0; i < 180; i += 10) {
angle = 2.1 + (i * Math.PI / 90);
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(
centerX + Math.sin(angle) * radius,
centerY + Math.cos(angle) * radius);
ctx.lineTo(
centerX + Math.sin(angle) * (radius + width),
centerY + Math.cos(angle) * (radius + width));
ctx.closePath();
ctx.stroke();
}
}
draw();
The code you cite is a bit awkward.
To navigate around a circle, it would be more clear to increment i from 0 to 360 (as in 360 degrees).
for(var i=0; i<360; i++){
Instead, the coder increments from 0 to 180, but then they compensate for halving the 360 degrees by doubling the formula that converts degrees to radians.
// this is the usual conversion of degrees to radians
var radians = degrees * Math.PI / 180;
// This "compensating" conversion is used by the coder
// This doubling of the conversion compensates for halving "i" to 180
var radians = degrees * Math.PI / 90;
A clearer factoring of the iteration would look like this:
// the conversion factor to turn degrees into radians
var degreesToRadians = Math.PI / 180;
// navigate 360 degrees around a circle
for(var i=0; i<360; i++){
// use the standard degrees-to-radians conversion factor
var angle = i * degreesToRadians;
// This roughly rotates the angle so that it starts
// at the 12 o'clock position on the circle
// This is unnecessary if you're navigating completely
// around the circle anyway (then it doesn't matter where you start)
angle += 2.1;
....
}
And...
The code is intentionally drawing lines that radiate away from the circles circumference. The coder is not attempting to follow the circumference at all.
So I have this code:
var points = 6;
var width = w;
var height = h;
var angle = ((2 * Math.PI) / points);
var hexagon = [];
for (i = 0; i < points; i++) {
hexagon.push({
x: width * Math.cos(angle * i),
y: height * Math.sin(angle * i)
})
}
Which will produce 6 points/locations and if I draw a line between them I get a hexagon, but I want to rotate the points or generate the points differently so that the first point is always center-top, like so:
How would I go about doing that?
You could just swap sin and cos.
I want to draw random-looking curved blobs on a canvas, but I can't seem to come up with an algorithm to do it. I've tried creating random Bezier curves like this:
context.beginPath();
// Each shape should be made up of between three and six curves
var i = random(3, 6);
var startPos = {
x : random(0, canvas.width),
y : random(0, canvas.height)
};
context.moveTo(startPos.x, startPos.y);
while (i--) {
angle = random(0, 360);
// each line shouldn't be too long
length = random(0, canvas.width / 5);
endPos = getLineEndPoint(startPos, length, angle);
bezier1Angle = random(angle - 90, angle + 90) % 360;
bezier2Angle = (180 + random(angle - 90, angle + 90)) % 360;
bezier1Length = random(0, length / 2);
bezier2Length = random(0, length / 2);
bezier1Pos = getLineEndPoint(startPos, bezier1Length, bezier1Angle);
bezier2Pos = getLineEndPoint(endPos, bezier2Length, bezier2Angle);
context.bezierCurveTo(
bezier1Pos.x, bezier1Pos.y
bezier2Pos.x, bezier2Pos.y
endPos.x, endPos.y
);
startPos = endPos;
}
(This is a simplification... I added bits constraining the lines to within the canvas, etc.)
The problem with this is getting it to head back to the starting point, and also not just making loads of awkward corners. Does anyone know of a better algorithm to do this, or can think one up?
Edit: I've made some progress. I've started again, working with straight lines (I think I know what to do to make them into smooth Beziers once I've worked this bit out). I've set it so that before drawing each point, it works out the distance and angle to the start from the previous point. If the distance is less than a certain amount, it closes the curve. Otherwise the possible angle narrows based on the number of iterations, and the maximum line length is the distance to the start. So here's some code.
start = {
// start somewhere within the canvas element
x: random(canvas.width),
y: random(canvas.height)
};
context.moveTo(start.x, start.y);
prev = {};
prev.length = random(minLineLength, maxLineLength);
prev.angle = random(360);
prev.x = start.x + prev.length * Math.cos(prev.angle);
prev.y = start.y + prev.length * Math.sin(prev.angle);
j = 1;
keepGoing = true;
while (keepGoing) {
j++;
distanceBackToStart = Math.round(
Math.sqrt(Math.pow(prev.x - start.x, 2) + Math.pow(prev.y - start.y, 2)));
angleBackToStart = (Math.atan((prev.y - start.y) / (prev.x - start.x)) * 180 / Math.pi) % 360;
if (isNaN(angleBackToStart)) {
angleBackToStart = random(360);
}
current = {};
if (distanceBackToStart > minLineLength) {
current.length = random(minLineLength, distanceBackToStart);
current.angle = random(angleBackToStart - 90 / j, angleBackToStart + 90 / j) % 360;
current.x = prev.x + current.length * Math.cos(current.angle);
current.y = prev.y + current.length * Math.sin(current.angle);
prev = current;
} else {
// if there's only a short distance back to the start, join up the curve
current.length = distanceBackToStart;
current.angle = angleBackToStart;
current.x = start.x;
current.y = start.y;
keepGoing = false;
}
context.lineTo(current.x, current.y);
}
console.log('Shape complexity: ' + j);
context.closePath();
context.fillStyle = 'black';
context.shadowColor = 'black';
context.shadowOffsetX = -xOffset;
context.shadowOffsetY = -yOffset;
context.shadowBlur = 50;
context.fill();
The problem I've got now is that the shape's outline often crosses over itself, which looks wrong. The only way I can think of to solve this is to keep track of a bounding box, and each new point should always head out of the bounding box. That's tricky because calculating the available angle adds a whole level of complexity.
One possibility would be to use polar coordinates, and have the radius be a function of the angle. For smooth blobs you want the radius to be smooth, and have the same value at 0 and 2*pi, which can be done using a trigonometric polynomial :
radius(theta) = a_0 + a_1*sin(theta) + a_2*sin(2*theta) + ... + b_1*cos(theta) + ...
where the coefficients are "random". To control how big and small the radius gets you could search for the max and min of the radius function, and then shift and scale the coefficients appropriately (ie if you want rlo<=r<=rhi, and have found min and max, then replace each coefficient a + b*original, where b = (rhi-rlo)/(max-min) and a = rlo-b*min).