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Suppose I'm familiar with developing client-side applications in jQuery, but now I'd like to start using AngularJS. Can you describe the paradigm shift that is necessary? Here are a few questions that might help you frame an answer:
How do I architect and design client-side web applications differently? What is the biggest difference?
What should I stop doing/using; What should I start doing/using instead?
Are there any server-side considerations/restrictions?
I'm not looking for a detailed comparison between jQuery and AngularJS.
1. Don't design your page, and then change it with DOM manipulations
In jQuery, you design a page, and then you make it dynamic. This is because jQuery was designed for augmentation and has grown incredibly from that simple premise.
But in AngularJS, you must start from the ground up with your architecture in mind. Instead of starting by thinking "I have this piece of the DOM and I want to make it do X", you have to start with what you want to accomplish, then go about designing your application, and then finally go about designing your view.
2. Don't augment jQuery with AngularJS
Similarly, don't start with the idea that jQuery does X, Y, and Z, so I'll just add AngularJS on top of that for models and controllers. This is really tempting when you're just starting out, which is why I always recommend that new AngularJS developers don't use jQuery at all, at least until they get used to doing things the "Angular Way".
I've seen many developers here and on the mailing list create these elaborate solutions with jQuery plugins of 150 or 200 lines of code that they then glue into AngularJS with a collection of callbacks and $applys that are confusing and convoluted; but they eventually get it working! The problem is that in most cases that jQuery plugin could be rewritten in AngularJS in a fraction of the code, where suddenly everything becomes comprehensible and straightforward.
The bottom line is this: when solutioning, first "think in AngularJS"; if you can't think of a solution, ask the community; if after all of that there is no easy solution, then feel free to reach for the jQuery. But don't let jQuery become a crutch or you'll never master AngularJS.
3. Always think in terms of architecture
First know that single-page applications are applications. They're not webpages. So we need to think like a server-side developer in addition to thinking like a client-side developer. We have to think about how to divide our application into individual, extensible, testable components.
So then how do you do that? How do you "think in AngularJS"? Here are some general principles, contrasted with jQuery.
The view is the "official record"
In jQuery, we programmatically change the view. We could have a dropdown menu defined as a ul like so:
<ul class="main-menu">
<li class="active">
Home
</li>
<li>
Menu 1
<ul>
<li>Submenu 1</li>
<li>Submenu 2</li>
<li>Submenu 3</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Menu 2
</li>
</ul>
In jQuery, in our application logic, we would activate it with something like:
$('.main-menu').dropdownMenu();
When we just look at the view, it's not immediately obvious that there is any functionality here. For small applications, that's fine. But for non-trivial applications, things quickly get confusing and hard to maintain.
In AngularJS, though, the view is the official record of view-based functionality. Our ul declaration would look like this instead:
<ul class="main-menu" dropdown-menu>
...
</ul>
These two do the same thing, but in the AngularJS version anyone looking at the template knows what's supposed to happen. Whenever a new member of the development team comes on board, she can look at this and then know that there is a directive called dropdownMenu operating on it; she doesn't need to intuit the right answer or sift through any code. The view told us what was supposed to happen. Much cleaner.
Developers new to AngularJS often ask a question like: how do I find all links of a specific kind and add a directive onto them. The developer is always flabbergasted when we reply: you don't. But the reason you don't do that is that this is like half-jQuery, half-AngularJS, and no good. The problem here is that the developer is trying to "do jQuery" in the context of AngularJS. That's never going to work well. The view is the official record. Outside of a directive (more on this below), you never, ever, never change the DOM. And directives are applied in the view, so intent is clear.
Remember: don't design, and then mark up. You must architect, and then design.
Data binding
This is by far one of the most awesome features of AngularJS and cuts out a lot of the need to do the kinds of DOM manipulations I mentioned in the previous section. AngularJS will automatically update your view so you don't have to! In jQuery, we respond to events and then update content. Something like:
$.ajax({
url: '/myEndpoint.json',
success: function ( data, status ) {
$('ul#log').append('<li>Data Received!</li>');
}
});
For a view that looks like this:
<ul class="messages" id="log">
</ul>
Apart from mixing concerns, we also have the same problems of signifying intent that I mentioned before. But more importantly, we had to manually reference and update a DOM node. And if we want to delete a log entry, we have to code against the DOM for that too. How do we test the logic apart from the DOM? And what if we want to change the presentation?
This a little messy and a trifle frail. But in AngularJS, we can do this:
$http( '/myEndpoint.json' ).then( function ( response ) {
$scope.log.push( { msg: 'Data Received!' } );
});
And our view can look like this:
<ul class="messages">
<li ng-repeat="entry in log">{{ entry.msg }}</li>
</ul>
But for that matter, our view could look like this:
<div class="messages">
<div class="alert" ng-repeat="entry in log">
{{ entry.msg }}
</div>
</div>
And now instead of using an unordered list, we're using Bootstrap alert boxes. And we never had to change the controller code! But more importantly, no matter where or how the log gets updated, the view will change too. Automatically. Neat!
Though I didn't show it here, the data binding is two-way. So those log messages could also be editable in the view just by doing this: <input ng-model="entry.msg" />. And there was much rejoicing.
Distinct model layer
In jQuery, the DOM is kind of like the model. But in AngularJS, we have a separate model layer that we can manage in any way we want, completely independently from the view. This helps for the above data binding, maintains separation of concerns, and introduces far greater testability. Other answers mentioned this point, so I'll just leave it at that.
Separation of concerns
And all of the above tie into this over-arching theme: keep your concerns separate. Your view acts as the official record of what is supposed to happen (for the most part); your model represents your data; you have a service layer to perform reusable tasks; you do DOM manipulation and augment your view with directives; and you glue it all together with controllers. This was also mentioned in other answers, and the only thing I would add pertains to testability, which I discuss in another section below.
Dependency injection
To help us out with separation of concerns is dependency injection (DI). If you come from a server-side language (from Java to PHP) you're probably familiar with this concept already, but if you're a client-side guy coming from jQuery, this concept can seem anything from silly to superfluous to hipster. But it's not. :-)
From a broad perspective, DI means that you can declare components very freely and then from any other component, just ask for an instance of it and it will be granted. You don't have to know about loading order, or file locations, or anything like that. The power may not immediately be visible, but I'll provide just one (common) example: testing.
Let's say in our application, we require a service that implements server-side storage through a REST API and, depending on application state, local storage as well. When running tests on our controllers, we don't want to have to communicate with the server - we're testing the controller, after all. We can just add a mock service of the same name as our original component, and the injector will ensure that our controller gets the fake one automatically - our controller doesn't and needn't know the difference.
Speaking of testing...
4. Test-driven development - always
This is really part of section 3 on architecture, but it's so important that I'm putting it as its own top-level section.
Out of all of the many jQuery plugins you've seen, used, or written, how many of them had an accompanying test suite? Not very many because jQuery isn't very amenable to that. But AngularJS is.
In jQuery, the only way to test is often to create the component independently with a sample/demo page against which our tests can perform DOM manipulation. So then we have to develop a component separately and then integrate it into our application. How inconvenient! So much of the time, when developing with jQuery, we opt for iterative instead of test-driven development. And who could blame us?
But because we have separation of concerns, we can do test-driven development iteratively in AngularJS! For example, let's say we want a super-simple directive to indicate in our menu what our current route is. We can declare what we want in the view of our application:
<a href="/hello" when-active>Hello</a>
Okay, now we can write a test for the non-existent when-active directive:
it( 'should add "active" when the route changes', inject(function() {
var elm = $compile( '<a href="/hello" when-active>Hello</a>' )( $scope );
$location.path('/not-matching');
expect( elm.hasClass('active') ).toBeFalsey();
$location.path( '/hello' );
expect( elm.hasClass('active') ).toBeTruthy();
}));
And when we run our test, we can confirm that it fails. Only now should we create our directive:
.directive( 'whenActive', function ( $location ) {
return {
scope: true,
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
scope.$on( '$routeChangeSuccess', function () {
if ( $location.path() == element.attr( 'href' ) ) {
element.addClass( 'active' );
}
else {
element.removeClass( 'active' );
}
});
}
};
});
Our test now passes and our menu performs as requested. Our development is both iterative and test-driven. Wicked-cool.
5. Conceptually, directives are not packaged jQuery
You'll often hear "only do DOM manipulation in a directive". This is a necessity. Treat it with due deference!
But let's dive a little deeper...
Some directives just decorate what's already in the view (think ngClass) and therefore sometimes do DOM manipulation straight away and then are basically done. But if a directive is like a "widget" and has a template, it should also respect separation of concerns. That is, the template too should remain largely independent from its implementation in the link and controller functions.
AngularJS comes with an entire set of tools to make this very easy; with ngClass we can dynamically update the class; ngModel allows two-way data binding; ngShow and ngHide programmatically show or hide an element; and many more - including the ones we write ourselves. In other words, we can do all kinds of awesomeness without DOM manipulation. The less DOM manipulation, the easier directives are to test, the easier they are to style, the easier they are to change in the future, and the more re-usable and distributable they are.
I see lots of developers new to AngularJS using directives as the place to throw a bunch of jQuery. In other words, they think "since I can't do DOM manipulation in the controller, I'll take that code put it in a directive". While that certainly is much better, it's often still wrong.
Think of the logger we programmed in section 3. Even if we put that in a directive, we still want to do it the "Angular Way". It still doesn't take any DOM manipulation! There are lots of times when DOM manipulation is necessary, but it's a lot rarer than you think! Before doing DOM manipulation anywhere in your application, ask yourself if you really need to. There might be a better way.
Here's a quick example that shows the pattern I see most frequently. We want a toggleable button. (Note: this example is a little contrived and a skosh verbose to represent more complicated cases that are solved in exactly the same way.)
.directive( 'myDirective', function () {
return {
template: '<a class="btn">Toggle me!</a>',
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
var on = false;
$(element).click( function () {
on = !on;
$(element).toggleClass('active', on);
});
}
};
});
There are a few things wrong with this:
First, jQuery was never necessary. There's nothing we did here that needed jQuery at all!
Second, even if we already have jQuery on our page, there's no reason to use it here; we can simply use angular.element and our component will still work when dropped into a project that doesn't have jQuery.
Third, even assuming jQuery was required for this directive to work, jqLite (angular.element) will always use jQuery if it was loaded! So we needn't use the $ - we can just use angular.element.
Fourth, closely related to the third, is that jqLite elements needn't be wrapped in $ - the element that is passed to the link function would already be a jQuery element!
And fifth, which we've mentioned in previous sections, why are we mixing template stuff into our logic?
This directive can be rewritten (even for very complicated cases!) much more simply like so:
.directive( 'myDirective', function () {
return {
scope: true,
template: '<a class="btn" ng-class="{active: on}" ng-click="toggle()">Toggle me!</a>',
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
scope.on = false;
scope.toggle = function () {
scope.on = !scope.on;
};
}
};
});
Again, the template stuff is in the template, so you (or your users) can easily swap it out for one that meets any style necessary, and the logic never had to be touched. Reusability - boom!
And there are still all those other benefits, like testing - it's easy! No matter what's in the template, the directive's internal API is never touched, so refactoring is easy. You can change the template as much as you want without touching the directive. And no matter what you change, your tests still pass.
w00t!
So if directives aren't just collections of jQuery-like functions, what are they? Directives are actually extensions of HTML. If HTML doesn't do something you need it to do, you write a directive to do it for you, and then use it just as if it was part of HTML.
Put another way, if AngularJS doesn't do something out of the box, think how the team would accomplish it to fit right in with ngClick, ngClass, et al.
Summary
Don't even use jQuery. Don't even include it. It will hold you back. And when you come to a problem that you think you know how to solve in jQuery already, before you reach for the $, try to think about how to do it within the confines the AngularJS. If you don't know, ask! 19 times out of 20, the best way to do it doesn't need jQuery and to try to solve it with jQuery results in more work for you.
Imperative → declarative
In jQuery, selectors are used to find DOM elements and then bind/register event handlers to them. When an event triggers, that (imperative) code executes to update/change the DOM.
In AngularJS, you want to think about views rather than DOM elements. Views are (declarative) HTML that contain AngularJS directives. Directives set up the event handlers behind the scenes for us and give us dynamic databinding. Selectors are rarely used, so the need for IDs (and some types of classes) is greatly diminished. Views are tied to models (via scopes). Views are a projection of the model. Events change models (that is, data, scope properties), and the views that project those models update "automatically."
In AngularJS, think about models, rather than jQuery-selected DOM elements that hold your data. Think about views as projections of those models, rather than registering callbacks to manipulate what the user sees.
Separation of concerns
jQuery employs unobtrusive JavaScript - behavior (JavaScript) is separated from the structure (HTML).
AngularJS uses controllers and directives (each of which can have their own controller, and/or compile and linking functions) to remove behavior from the view/structure (HTML). Angular also has services and filters to help separate/organize your application.
See also https://stackoverflow.com/a/14346528/215945
Application design
One approach to designing an AngularJS application:
Think about your models. Create services or your own JavaScript objects for those models.
Think about how you want to present your models -- your views. Create HTML templates for each view, using the necessary directives to get dynamic databinding.
Attach a controller to each view (using ng-view and routing, or ng-controller). Have the controller find/get only whatever model data the view needs to do its job. Make controllers as thin as possible.
Prototypal inheritance
You can do a lot with jQuery without knowing about how JavaScript prototypal inheritance works. When developing AngularJS applications, you will avoid some common pitfalls if you have a good understanding of JavaScript inheritance. Recommended reading: What are the nuances of scope prototypal / prototypical inheritance in AngularJS?
AngularJS vs. jQuery
AngularJS and jQuery adopt very different ideologies. If you're coming from jQuery you may find some of the differences surprising. Angular may make you angry.
This is normal, you should push through. Angular is worth it.
The big difference (TLDR)
jQuery gives you a toolkit for selecting arbitrary bits of the DOM and making ad-hoc changes to them. You can do pretty much anything you like piece by piece.
AngularJS instead gives you a compiler.
What this means is that AngularJS reads your entire DOM from top to bottom and treats it as code, literally as instructions to the compiler. As it traverses the DOM, It looks for specific directives (compiler directives) that tell the AngularJS compiler how to behave and what to do. Directives are little objects full of JavaScript which can match against attributes, tags, classes or even comments.
When the Angular compiler determines that a piece of the DOM matches a particular directive, it calls the directive function, passing it the DOM element, any attributes, the current $scope (which is a local variable store), and some other useful bits. These attributes may contain expressions which can be interpreted by the Directive, and which tell it how to render, and when it should redraw itself.
Directives can then in turn pull in additional Angular components such as controllers, services, etc. What comes out the bottom of the compiler is a fully formed web application, wired up and ready to go.
This means that Angular is Template Driven. Your template drives the JavaScript, not the other way around. This is a radical reversal of roles, and the complete opposite of the unobtrusive JavaScript we have been writing for the last 10 years or so. This can take some getting used to.
If this sounds like it might be over-prescriptive and limiting, nothing could be farther from the truth. Because AngularJS treats your HTML as code, you get HTML level granularity in your web application. Everything is possible, and most things are surprisingly easy once you make a few conceptual leaps.
Let's get down to the nitty gritty.
First up, Angular doesn't replace jQuery
Angular and jQuery do different things. AngularJS gives you a set of tools to produce web applications. jQuery mainly gives you tools for modifying the DOM. If jQuery is present on your page, AngularJS will use it automatically. If it isn't, AngularJS ships with jQuery Lite, which is a cut down, but still perfectly usable version of jQuery.
Misko likes jQuery and doesn't object to you using it. However you will find as you advance that you can get a pretty much all of your work done using a combination of scope, templates and directives, and you should prefer this workflow where possible because your code will be more discrete, more configurable, and more Angular.
If you do use jQuery, you shouldn't be sprinkling it all over the place. The correct place for DOM manipulation in AngularJS is in a directive. More on these later.
Unobtrusive JavaScript with Selectors vs. Declarative Templates
jQuery is typically applied unobtrusively. Your JavaScript code is linked in the header (or the footer), and this is the only place it is mentioned. We use selectors to pick out bits of the page and write plugins to modify those parts.
The JavaScript is in control. The HTML has a completely independent existence. Your HTML remains semantic even without JavaScript. Onclick attributes are very bad practice.
One of the first things your will notice about AngularJS is that custom attributes are everywhere. Your HTML will be littered with ng attributes, which are essentially onClick attributes on steroids. These are directives (compiler directives), and are one of the main ways in which the template is hooked to the model.
When you first see this you might be tempted to write AngularJS off as old school intrusive JavaScript (like I did at first). In fact, AngularJS does not play by those rules. In AngularJS, your HTML5 is a template. It is compiled by AngularJS to produce your web page.
This is the first big difference. To jQuery, your web page is a DOM to be manipulated. To AngularJS, your HTML is code to be compiled. AngularJS reads in your whole web page and literally compiles it into a new web page using its built in compiler.
Your template should be declarative; its meaning should be clear simply by reading it. We use custom attributes with meaningful names. We make up new HTML elements, again with meaningful names. A designer with minimal HTML knowledge and no coding skill can read your AngularJS template and understand what it is doing. He or she can make modifications. This is the Angular way.
The template is in the driving seat.
One of the first questions I asked myself when starting AngularJS and running through the tutorials is "Where is my code?". I've written no JavaScript, and yet I have all this behaviour. The answer is obvious. Because AngularJS compiles the DOM, AngularJS is treating your HTML as code. For many simple cases it's often sufficient to just write a template and let AngularJS compile it into an application for you.
Your template drives your application. It's treated as a DSL. You write AngularJS components, and AngularJS will take care of pulling them in and making them available at the right time based on the structure of your template. This is very different to a standard MVC pattern, where the template is just for output.
It's more similar to XSLT than Ruby on Rails for example.
This is a radical inversion of control that takes some getting used to.
Stop trying to drive your application from your JavaScript. Let the template drive the application, and let AngularJS take care of wiring the components together. This also is the Angular way.
Semantic HTML vs. Semantic Models
With jQuery your HTML page should contain semantic meaningful content. If the JavaScript is turned off (by a user or search engine) your content remains accessible.
Because AngularJS treats your HTML page as a template. The template is not supposed to be semantic as your content is typically stored in your model which ultimately comes from your API. AngularJS compiles your DOM with the model to produce a semantic web page.
Your HTML source is no longer semantic, instead, your API and compiled DOM are semantic.
In AngularJS, meaning lives in the model, the HTML is just a template, for display only.
At this point you likely have all sorts of questions concerning SEO and accessibility, and rightly so. There are open issues here. Most screen readers will now parse JavaScript. Search engines can also index AJAXed content. Nevertheless, you will want to make sure you are using pushstate URLs and you have a decent sitemap. See here for a discussion of the issue: https://stackoverflow.com/a/23245379/687677
Separation of concerns (SOC) vs. MVC
Separation of concerns (SOC) is a pattern that grew up over many years of web development for a variety of reasons including SEO, accessibility and browser incompatibility. It looks like this:
HTML - Semantic meaning. The HTML should stand alone.
CSS - Styling, without the CSS the page is still readable.
JavaScript - Behaviour, without the script the content remains.
Again, AngularJS does not play by their rules. In a stroke, AngularJS does away with a decade of received wisdom and instead implements an MVC pattern in which the template is no longer semantic, not even a little bit.
It looks like this:
Model - your models contains your semantic data. Models are usually JSON objects. Models exist as attributes of an object called $scope. You can also store handy utility functions on $scope which your templates can then access.
View - Your views are written in HTML. The view is usually not semantic because your data lives in the model.
Controller - Your controller is a JavaScript function which hooks the view to the model. Its function is to initialise $scope. Depending on your application, you may or may not need to create a controller. You can have many controllers on a page.
MVC and SOC are not on opposite ends of the same scale, they are on completely different axes. SOC makes no sense in an AngularJS context. You have to forget it and move on.
If, like me, you lived through the browser wars, you might find this idea quite offensive. Get over it, it'll be worth it, I promise.
Plugins vs. Directives
Plugins extend jQuery. AngularJS Directives extend the capabilities of your browser.
In jQuery we define plugins by adding functions to the jQuery.prototype. We then hook these into the DOM by selecting elements and calling the plugin on the result. The idea is to extend the capabilities of jQuery.
For example, if you want a carousel on your page, you might define an unordered list of figures, perhaps wrapped in a nav element. You might then write some jQuery to select the list on the page and restyle it as a gallery with timeouts to do the sliding animation.
In AngularJS, we define directives. A directive is a function which returns a JSON object. This object tells AngularJS what DOM elements to look for, and what changes to make to them. Directives are hooked in to the template using either attributes or elements, which you invent. The idea is to extend the capabilities of HTML with new attributes and elements.
The AngularJS way is to extend the capabilities of native looking HTML. You should write HTML that looks like HTML, extended with custom attributes and elements.
If you want a carousel, just use a <carousel /> element, then define a directive to pull in a template, and make that sucker work.
Lots of small directives vs. big plugins with configuration switches
The tendency with jQuery is to write great big plugins like lightbox which we then configure by passing in numerous values and options.
This is a mistake in AngularJS.
Take the example of a dropdown. When writing a dropdown plugin you might be tempted to code in click handlers, perhaps a function to add in a chevron which is either up or down, perhaps change the class of the unfolded element, show hide the menu, all helpful stuff.
Until you want to make a small change.
Say you have a menu that you want to unfold on hover. Well now we have a problem. Our plugin has wired in our click handler for us, we're going to need to add a configuration option to make it behave differently in this specific case.
In AngularJS we write smaller directives. Our dropdown directive would be ridiculously small. It might maintain the folded state, and provide methods to fold(), unfold() or toggle(). These methods would simply update $scope.menu.visible which is a boolean holding the state.
Now in our template we can wire this up:
<a ng-click="toggle()">Menu</a>
<ul ng-show="menu.visible">
...
</ul>
Need to update on mouseover?
<a ng-mouseenter="unfold()" ng-mouseleave="fold()">Menu</a>
<ul ng-show="menu.visible">
...
</ul>
The template drives the application so we get HTML level granularity. If we want to make case by case exceptions, the template makes this easy.
Closure vs. $scope
JQuery plugins are created in a closure. Privacy is maintained within that closure. It's up to you to maintain your scope chain within that closure. You only really have access to the set of DOM nodes passed in to the plugin by jQuery, plus any local variables defined in the closure and any globals you have defined. This means that plugins are quite self contained. This is a good thing, but can get restrictive when creating a whole application. Trying to pass data between sections of a dynamic page becomes a chore.
AngularJS has $scope objects. These are special objects created and maintained by AngularJS in which you store your model. Certain directives will spawn a new $scope, which by default inherits from its wrapping $scope using JavaScript prototypical inheritance. The $scope object is accessible in the controller and the view.
This is the clever part. Because the structure of $scope inheritance roughly follows the structure of the DOM, elements have access to their own scope, and any containing scopes seamlessly, all the way up to the global $scope (which is not the same as the global scope).
This makes it much easier to pass data around, and to store data at an appropriate level. If a dropdown is unfolded, only the dropdown $scope needs to know about it. If the user updates their preferences, you might want to update the global $scope, and any nested scopes listening to the user preferences would automatically be alerted.
This might sound complicated, in fact, once you relax into it, it's like flying. You don't need to create the $scope object, AngularJS instantiates and configures it for you, correctly and appropriately based on your template hierarchy. AngularJS then makes it available to your component using the magic of dependency injection (more on this later).
Manual DOM changes vs. Data Binding
In jQuery you make all your DOM changes by hand. You construct new DOM elements programatically. If you have a JSON array and you want to put it to the DOM, you must write a function to generate the HTML and insert it.
In AngularJS you can do this too, but you are encouraged to make use of data binding. Change your model, and because the DOM is bound to it via a template your DOM will automatically update, no intervention required.
Because data binding is done from the template, using either an attribute or the curly brace syntax, it's super easy to do. There's little cognitive overhead associated with it so you'll find yourself doing it all the time.
<input ng-model="user.name" />
Binds the input element to $scope.user.name. Updating the input will update the value in your current scope, and vice-versa.
Likewise:
<p>
{{user.name}}
</p>
will output the user name in a paragraph. It's a live binding, so if the $scope.user.name value is updated, the template will update too.
Ajax all of the time
In jQuery making an Ajax call is fairly simple, but it's still something you might think twice about. There's the added complexity to think about, and a fair chunk of script to maintain.
In AngularJS, Ajax is your default go-to solution and it happens all the time, almost without you noticing. You can include templates with ng-include. You can apply a template with the simplest custom directive. You can wrap an Ajax call in a service and create yourself a GitHub service, or a Flickr service, which you can access with astonishing ease.
Service Objects vs Helper Functions
In jQuery, if we want to accomplish a small non-dom related task such as pulling a feed from an API, we might write a little function to do that in our closure. That's a valid solution, but what if we want to access that feed often? What if we want to reuse that code in another application?
AngularJS gives us service objects.
Services are simple objects that contain functions and data. They are always singletons, meaning there can never be more than one of them. Say we want to access the Stack Overflow API, we might write a StackOverflowService which defines methods for doing so.
Let's say we have a shopping cart. We might define a ShoppingCartService which maintains our cart and contains methods for adding and removing items. Because the service is a singleton, and is shared by all other components, any object that needs to can write to the shopping cart and pull data from it. It's always the same cart.
Service objects are self-contained AngularJS components which we can use and reuse as we see fit. They are simple JSON objects containing functions and Data. They are always singletons, so if you store data on a service in one place, you can get that data out somewhere else just by requesting the same service.
Dependency injection (DI) vs. Instatiation - aka de-spaghettification
AngularJS manages your dependencies for you. If you want an object, simply refer to it and AngularJS will get it for you.
Until you start to use this, it's hard to explain just what a massive time boon this is. Nothing like AngularJS DI exists inside jQuery.
DI means that instead of writing your application and wiring it together, you instead define a library of components, each identified by a string.
Say I have a component called 'FlickrService' which defines methods for pulling JSON feeds from Flickr. Now, if I want to write a controller that can access Flickr, I just need to refer to the 'FlickrService' by name when I declare the controller. AngularJS will take care of instantiating the component and making it available to my controller.
For example, here I define a service:
myApp.service('FlickrService', function() {
return {
getFeed: function() { // do something here }
}
});
Now when I want to use that service I just refer to it by name like this:
myApp.controller('myController', ['FlickrService', function(FlickrService) {
FlickrService.getFeed()
}]);
AngularJS will recognise that a FlickrService object is needed to instantiate the controller, and will provide one for us.
This makes wiring things together very easy, and pretty much eliminates any tendency towards spagettification. We have a flat list of components, and AngularJS hands them to us one by one as and when we need them.
Modular service architecture
jQuery says very little about how you should organise your code. AngularJS has opinions.
AngularJS gives you modules into which you can place your code. If you're writing a script that talks to Flickr for example, you might want to create a Flickr module to wrap all your Flickr related functions in. Modules can include other modules (DI). Your main application is usually a module, and this should include all the other modules your application will depend on.
You get simple code reuse, if you want to write another application based on Flickr, you can just include the Flickr module and voila, you have access to all your Flickr related functions in your new application.
Modules contain AngularJS components. When we include a module, all the components in that module become available to us as a simple list identified by their unique strings. We can then inject those components into each other using AngularJS's dependency injection mechanism.
To sum up
AngularJS and jQuery are not enemies. It's possible to use jQuery within AngularJS very nicely. If you're using AngularJS well (templates, data-binding, $scope, directives, etc.) you will find you need a lot less jQuery than you might otherwise require.
The main thing to realise is that your template drives your application. Stop trying to write big plugins that do everything. Instead write little directives that do one thing, then write a simple template to wire them together.
Think less about unobtrusive JavaScript, and instead think in terms of HTML extensions.
My little book
I got so excited about AngularJS, I wrote a short book on it which you're very welcome to read online http://nicholasjohnson.com/angular-book/. I hope it's helpful.
Can you describe the paradigm shift that is necessary?
Imperative vs Declarative
With jQuery you tell the DOM what needs to happen, step by step. With AngularJS you describe what results you want but not how to do it. More on this here. Also, check out Mark Rajcok's answer.
How do I architect and design client-side web apps differently?
AngularJS is an entire client-side framework that uses the MVC pattern (check out their graphical representation). It greatly focuses on separation of concerns.
What is the biggest difference? What should I stop doing/using; what should I start doing/using instead?
jQuery is a library
AngularJS is a beautiful client-side framework, highly testable, that combines tons of cool stuff such as MVC, dependency injection, data binding and much more.
It focuses on separation of concerns and testing (unit testing and end-to-end testing), which facilitates test-driven development.
The best way to start is going through their awesome tutorial. You can go through the steps in a couple of hours; however, in case you want to master the concepts behind the scenes, they include a myriad of reference for further reading.
Are there any server-side considerations/restrictions?
You may use it on existing applications where you are already using pure jQuery. However, if you want to fully take advantage of the AngularJS features you may consider coding the server side using a RESTful approach.
Doing so will allow you to leverage their resource factory, which creates an abstraction of your server side RESTful API and makes server-side calls (get, save, delete, etc.) incredibly easy.
To describe the "paradigm shift", I think a short answer can suffice.
AngularJS changes the way you find elements
In jQuery, you typically use selectors to find elements, and then wire them up:
$('#id .class').click(doStuff);
In AngularJS, you use directives to mark the elements directly, to wire them up:
<a ng-click="doStuff()">
AngularJS doesn't need (or want) you to find elements using selectors - the primary difference between AngularJS's jqLite versus full-blown jQuery is that jqLite does not support selectors.
So when people say "don't include jQuery at all", it's mainly because they don't want you to use selectors; they want you to learn to use directives instead. Direct, not select!
jQuery
jQuery makes ridiculously long JavaScript commands like getElementByHerpDerp shorter and cross-browser.
AngularJS
AngularJS allows you to make your own HTML tags/attributes that do things which work well with dynamic web applications (since HTML was designed for static pages).
Edit:
Saying "I have a jQuery background how do I think in AngularJS?" is like saying "I have an HTML background how do I think in JavaScript?" The fact that you're asking the question shows you most likely don't understand the fundamental purposes of these two resources. This is why I chose to answer the question by simply pointing out the fundamental difference rather than going through the list saying "AngularJS makes use of directives whereas jQuery uses CSS selectors to make a jQuery object which does this and that etc....". This question does not require a lengthy answer.
jQuery is a way to make programming JavaScript in the browser easier. Shorter, cross-browser commands, etc.
AngularJS extends HTML, so you don't have to put <div> all over the place just to make an application. It makes HTML actually work for applications rather than what it was designed for, which is static, educational web pages. It accomplishes this in a roundabout way using JavaScript, but fundamentally it is an extension of HTML, not JavaScript.
jQuery: you think a lot about 'QUERYing the DOM' for DOM elements and doing something.
AngularJS: THE model is the truth, and you always think from that ANGLE.
For example, when you get data from THE server which you intend to display in some format in the DOM, in jQuery, you need to '1. FIND' where in the DOM you want to place this data, the '2. UPDATE/APPEND' it there by creating a new node or just setting its innerHTML. Then when you want to update this view, you then '3. FIND' the location and '4. UPDATE'. This cycle of find and update all done within the same context of getting and formatting data from server is gone in AngularJS.
With AngularJS you have your model (JavaScript objects you are already used to) and the value of the model tells you about the model (obviously) and about the view, and an operation on the model automatically propagates to the view, so you don't have to think about it. You will find yourself in AngularJS no longer finding things in the DOM.
To put in another way, in jQuery, you need to think about CSS selectors, that is, where is the div or td that has a class or attribute, etc., so that I can get their HTML or color or value, but in AngularJS, you will find yourself thinking like this: what model am I dealing with, I will set the model's value to true. You are not bothering yourself of whether the view reflecting this value is a checked box or resides in a td element (details you would have often needed to think about in jQuery).
And with DOM manipulation in AngularJS, you find yourself adding directives and filters, which you can think of as valid HTML extensions.
One more thing you will experience in AngularJS: in jQuery you call the jQuery functions a lot, in AngularJS, AngularJS will call your functions, so AngularJS will 'tell you how to do things', but the benefits are worth it, so learning AngularJS usually means learning what AngularJS wants or the way AngularJS requires that you present your functions and it will call it accordingly. This is one of the things that makes AngularJS a framework rather than a library.
Those are some very nice, but lengthy answers.
To sum up my experiences:
Controllers and providers (services, factories, etc.) are for modifying the data model, NOT HTML.
HTML and directives define the layout and binding to the model.
If you need to share data between controllers, create a service or factory - they are singletons that are shared across the application.
If you need an HTML widget, create a directive.
If you have some data and are now trying to update HTML... STOP! update the model, and make sure your HTML is bound to the model.
jQuery is a DOM manipulation library.
AngularJS is an MV* framework.
In fact, AngularJS is one of the few JavaScript MV* frameworks (many JavaScript MVC tools still fall under the category library).
Being a framework, it hosts your code and takes ownership of decisions about what to call and when!
AngularJS itself includes a jQuery-lite edition within it. So for some basic DOM selection/manipulation, you really don't have to include the jQuery library (it saves many bytes to run on the network.)
AngularJS has the concept of "Directives" for DOM manipulation and designing reusable UI components, so you should use it whenever you feel the need of doing DOM manipulation related stuff (directives are only place where you should write jQuery code while using AngularJS).
AngularJS involves some learning curve (more than jQuery :-).
-->For any developer coming from jQuery background, my first advice would be to "learn JavaScript as a first class language before jumping onto a rich framework like AngularJS!"
I learned the above fact the hard way.
Good luck.
They're apples and oranges. You don't want to compare them. They're two different things. AngularJs has already jQuery lite built in which allows you to perform basic DOM manipulation without even including the full blown jQuery version.
jQuery is all about DOM manipulation. It solves all the cross browser pain otherwise you will have to deal with but it's not a framework that allows you to divide your app into components like AngularJS.
A nice thing about AngularJs is that it allows you to separate/isolate the DOM manipulation in the directives. There are built-in directives ready for you to use such as ng-click. You can create your own custom directives that will contain all your view logic or DOM manipulation so you don't end up mingle DOM manipulation code in the controllers or services that should take care of the business logic.
Angular breaks down your app into
- Controllers
- Services
- Views
- etc.
and there is one more thing, that's the directive. It's an attribute you can attach to any DOM element and you can go nuts with jQuery within it without worrying about your jQuery ever conflicts with AngularJs components or messes up with its architecture.
I heard from a meetup I attended, one of the founders of Angular said they worked really hard to separate out the DOM manipulation so do not try to include them back in.
Listen to the podcast JavaScript Jabber: Episode #32 that features the original creators of AngularJS: Misko Hevery & Igor Minar. They talk a lot about what it's like to come to AngularJS from other JavaScript backgrounds, especially jQuery.
One of the points made in the podcast made a lot of things click for me with respects to your question:
MISKO: [...] one of the things we thought about very hardly in Angular is, how do we provide lots of escape hatches so that you can get out and basically figure out a way out of this. So to us, the answer is this thing called “Directives”. And with directives, you essentially become a regular little jQuery JavaScript, you can do whatever you want.
IGOR: So think of directive as the instruction to the compiler that tells it whenever you come across this certain element or this CSS in the template, and you keep this kind of code and that code is in charge of the element and everything below that element in the DOM tree.
A transcript of the entire episode is available at the link provided above.
So, to directly answer your question: AngularJS is -very- opinionated and is a true MV* framework. However, you can still do all of the really cool stuff you know and love with jQuery inside of directives. It's not a matter of "How do I do what I used to in jQuery?" as much as it's a matter of "How do I supplement AngularJS with all of the stuff I used to do in jQuery?"
It's really two very different states of mind.
I find this question interesting, because my first serious exposure to JavaScript programming was Node.js and AngularJS. I never learned jQuery, and I guess that's a good thing, because I don't have to unlearn anything. In fact, I actively avoid jQuery solutions to my problems, and instead, solely look for an "AngularJS way" to solve them. So, I guess my answer to this question would essentially boil down to, "think like someone who never learned jQuery" and avoid any temptation to incorporate jQuery directly (obviously AngularJS uses it to some extent behind the scenes).
AngularJS and jQuery:
AngularJs and JQuery are completely different at every level except the JQLite functionality and you will see it once you start learning the AngularJs core features (I explained it below).
AngularJs is a client side framework that offers to build the independent client side application. JQuery is a client side library that play around the DOM.
AngularJs Cool Principle - If you want some changes on your UI think from model data change perspective. Change your data and UI will re-render itself. You need not to play around DOM each time unless and until it is hardly required and that should also be handled through Angular Directives.
To answer this question, I want to share my experience on the first enterprise application with AngularJS. These are the most awesome features that Angular provide where we start changing our jQuery mindset and we get the Angular like a framework and not the library.
Two-way data binding is amazing:
I had a grid with all functionality UPDATE, DELTE, INSERT. I have a data object that binds the grid's model using ng-repeat. You only need to write a single line of simple JavaScript code for delete and insert and that's it. grid automatically updates as the grid model changes instantly. Update functionality is real time, no code for it.
You feel amazing!!!
Reusable directives are super:
Write directives in one place and use it throughout the application. OMG!!! I used these directive for paging, regex, validations, etc. It is really cool!
Routing is strong:
It's up to your implementation how you want to use it, but it requires very few lines of code to route the request to specify HTML and controller (JavaScript)
Controllers are great:
Controllers take care of their own HTML, but this separation works well for common functionality well as. If you want to call the same function on the click of a button on master HTML, just write the same function name in each controller and write individual code.
Plugins:
There are many other similar features like showing an overlay in your app. You don't need to write code for it, just use an overlay plugin available as wc-overlay, and this will automatically take care of all XMLHttpRequest (XHR) requests.
Ideal for RESTful architecture:
Being a complete frameworks makes AngularJS great to work with a RESTful architecture. To call REST CRUD APIs is very easier and
Services: Write common codes using services and less code in controllers. Sevices can be used to share common functionalities among the controllers.
Extensibility: Angular has extended the HTML directives using angular directives. Write expressions inside html and evaluate them on runtime. Create your own directives and services and use them in another project without any extra effort.
As a JavaScript MV* beginner and purely focusing on the application architecture (not the server/client-side matters), I would certainly recommend the following resource (which I am surprised wasn't mentioned yet): JavaScript Design Patterns, by Addy Osmani, as an introduction to different JavaScript Design Patterns. The terms used in this answer are taken from the linked document above. I'm not going to repeat what was worded really well in the accepted answer. Instead, this answer links back to the theoretical backgrounds which power AngularJS (and other libraries).
Like me, you will quickly realize that AngularJS (or Ember.js, Durandal, & other MV* frameworks for that matter) is one complex framework assembling many of the different JavaScript design patterns.
I found it easier also, to test (1) native JavaScript code and (2) smaller libraries for each one of these patterns separately before diving into one global framework. This allowed me to better understand which crucial issues a framework adresses (because you are personally faced with the problem).
For example:
JavaScript Object-oriented Programming (this is a Google search link). It is not a library, but certainly a prerequisite to any application programming. It taught me the native implementations of the prototype, constructor, singleton & decorator patterns
jQuery/ Underscore for the facade pattern (like WYSIWYG's for manipulating the DOM)
Prototype.js for the prototype/ constructor/ mixin pattern
RequireJS/ Curl.js for the module pattern/ AMD
KnockoutJS for the observable, publish/subscribe pattern
NB: This list is not complete, nor 'the best libraries'; they just happen to be the libraries I used. These libraries also include more patterns, the ones mentioned are just their main focuses or original intents. If you feel something is missing from this list, please do mention it in the comments, and I will be glad to add it.
Actually, if you're using AngularJS, you don't need jQuery anymore. AngularJS itself has the binding and directive, which is a very good "replacement" for most things you can do with jQuery.
I usually develop mobile applications using AngularJS and Cordova. The ONLY thing from jQuery I needed is the Selector.
By googling, I see that there is a standalone jQuery selector module out there. It's Sizzle.
And I decided to make a tiny code snippet that help me quickly start a website using AngularJS with the power of jQuery Selector (using Sizzle).
I shared my code here: https://github.com/huytd/Sizzular
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Suppose I'm familiar with developing client-side applications in jQuery, but now I'd like to start using AngularJS. Can you describe the paradigm shift that is necessary? Here are a few questions that might help you frame an answer:
How do I architect and design client-side web applications differently? What is the biggest difference?
What should I stop doing/using; What should I start doing/using instead?
Are there any server-side considerations/restrictions?
I'm not looking for a detailed comparison between jQuery and AngularJS.
1. Don't design your page, and then change it with DOM manipulations
In jQuery, you design a page, and then you make it dynamic. This is because jQuery was designed for augmentation and has grown incredibly from that simple premise.
But in AngularJS, you must start from the ground up with your architecture in mind. Instead of starting by thinking "I have this piece of the DOM and I want to make it do X", you have to start with what you want to accomplish, then go about designing your application, and then finally go about designing your view.
2. Don't augment jQuery with AngularJS
Similarly, don't start with the idea that jQuery does X, Y, and Z, so I'll just add AngularJS on top of that for models and controllers. This is really tempting when you're just starting out, which is why I always recommend that new AngularJS developers don't use jQuery at all, at least until they get used to doing things the "Angular Way".
I've seen many developers here and on the mailing list create these elaborate solutions with jQuery plugins of 150 or 200 lines of code that they then glue into AngularJS with a collection of callbacks and $applys that are confusing and convoluted; but they eventually get it working! The problem is that in most cases that jQuery plugin could be rewritten in AngularJS in a fraction of the code, where suddenly everything becomes comprehensible and straightforward.
The bottom line is this: when solutioning, first "think in AngularJS"; if you can't think of a solution, ask the community; if after all of that there is no easy solution, then feel free to reach for the jQuery. But don't let jQuery become a crutch or you'll never master AngularJS.
3. Always think in terms of architecture
First know that single-page applications are applications. They're not webpages. So we need to think like a server-side developer in addition to thinking like a client-side developer. We have to think about how to divide our application into individual, extensible, testable components.
So then how do you do that? How do you "think in AngularJS"? Here are some general principles, contrasted with jQuery.
The view is the "official record"
In jQuery, we programmatically change the view. We could have a dropdown menu defined as a ul like so:
<ul class="main-menu">
<li class="active">
Home
</li>
<li>
Menu 1
<ul>
<li>Submenu 1</li>
<li>Submenu 2</li>
<li>Submenu 3</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Menu 2
</li>
</ul>
In jQuery, in our application logic, we would activate it with something like:
$('.main-menu').dropdownMenu();
When we just look at the view, it's not immediately obvious that there is any functionality here. For small applications, that's fine. But for non-trivial applications, things quickly get confusing and hard to maintain.
In AngularJS, though, the view is the official record of view-based functionality. Our ul declaration would look like this instead:
<ul class="main-menu" dropdown-menu>
...
</ul>
These two do the same thing, but in the AngularJS version anyone looking at the template knows what's supposed to happen. Whenever a new member of the development team comes on board, she can look at this and then know that there is a directive called dropdownMenu operating on it; she doesn't need to intuit the right answer or sift through any code. The view told us what was supposed to happen. Much cleaner.
Developers new to AngularJS often ask a question like: how do I find all links of a specific kind and add a directive onto them. The developer is always flabbergasted when we reply: you don't. But the reason you don't do that is that this is like half-jQuery, half-AngularJS, and no good. The problem here is that the developer is trying to "do jQuery" in the context of AngularJS. That's never going to work well. The view is the official record. Outside of a directive (more on this below), you never, ever, never change the DOM. And directives are applied in the view, so intent is clear.
Remember: don't design, and then mark up. You must architect, and then design.
Data binding
This is by far one of the most awesome features of AngularJS and cuts out a lot of the need to do the kinds of DOM manipulations I mentioned in the previous section. AngularJS will automatically update your view so you don't have to! In jQuery, we respond to events and then update content. Something like:
$.ajax({
url: '/myEndpoint.json',
success: function ( data, status ) {
$('ul#log').append('<li>Data Received!</li>');
}
});
For a view that looks like this:
<ul class="messages" id="log">
</ul>
Apart from mixing concerns, we also have the same problems of signifying intent that I mentioned before. But more importantly, we had to manually reference and update a DOM node. And if we want to delete a log entry, we have to code against the DOM for that too. How do we test the logic apart from the DOM? And what if we want to change the presentation?
This a little messy and a trifle frail. But in AngularJS, we can do this:
$http( '/myEndpoint.json' ).then( function ( response ) {
$scope.log.push( { msg: 'Data Received!' } );
});
And our view can look like this:
<ul class="messages">
<li ng-repeat="entry in log">{{ entry.msg }}</li>
</ul>
But for that matter, our view could look like this:
<div class="messages">
<div class="alert" ng-repeat="entry in log">
{{ entry.msg }}
</div>
</div>
And now instead of using an unordered list, we're using Bootstrap alert boxes. And we never had to change the controller code! But more importantly, no matter where or how the log gets updated, the view will change too. Automatically. Neat!
Though I didn't show it here, the data binding is two-way. So those log messages could also be editable in the view just by doing this: <input ng-model="entry.msg" />. And there was much rejoicing.
Distinct model layer
In jQuery, the DOM is kind of like the model. But in AngularJS, we have a separate model layer that we can manage in any way we want, completely independently from the view. This helps for the above data binding, maintains separation of concerns, and introduces far greater testability. Other answers mentioned this point, so I'll just leave it at that.
Separation of concerns
And all of the above tie into this over-arching theme: keep your concerns separate. Your view acts as the official record of what is supposed to happen (for the most part); your model represents your data; you have a service layer to perform reusable tasks; you do DOM manipulation and augment your view with directives; and you glue it all together with controllers. This was also mentioned in other answers, and the only thing I would add pertains to testability, which I discuss in another section below.
Dependency injection
To help us out with separation of concerns is dependency injection (DI). If you come from a server-side language (from Java to PHP) you're probably familiar with this concept already, but if you're a client-side guy coming from jQuery, this concept can seem anything from silly to superfluous to hipster. But it's not. :-)
From a broad perspective, DI means that you can declare components very freely and then from any other component, just ask for an instance of it and it will be granted. You don't have to know about loading order, or file locations, or anything like that. The power may not immediately be visible, but I'll provide just one (common) example: testing.
Let's say in our application, we require a service that implements server-side storage through a REST API and, depending on application state, local storage as well. When running tests on our controllers, we don't want to have to communicate with the server - we're testing the controller, after all. We can just add a mock service of the same name as our original component, and the injector will ensure that our controller gets the fake one automatically - our controller doesn't and needn't know the difference.
Speaking of testing...
4. Test-driven development - always
This is really part of section 3 on architecture, but it's so important that I'm putting it as its own top-level section.
Out of all of the many jQuery plugins you've seen, used, or written, how many of them had an accompanying test suite? Not very many because jQuery isn't very amenable to that. But AngularJS is.
In jQuery, the only way to test is often to create the component independently with a sample/demo page against which our tests can perform DOM manipulation. So then we have to develop a component separately and then integrate it into our application. How inconvenient! So much of the time, when developing with jQuery, we opt for iterative instead of test-driven development. And who could blame us?
But because we have separation of concerns, we can do test-driven development iteratively in AngularJS! For example, let's say we want a super-simple directive to indicate in our menu what our current route is. We can declare what we want in the view of our application:
<a href="/hello" when-active>Hello</a>
Okay, now we can write a test for the non-existent when-active directive:
it( 'should add "active" when the route changes', inject(function() {
var elm = $compile( '<a href="/hello" when-active>Hello</a>' )( $scope );
$location.path('/not-matching');
expect( elm.hasClass('active') ).toBeFalsey();
$location.path( '/hello' );
expect( elm.hasClass('active') ).toBeTruthy();
}));
And when we run our test, we can confirm that it fails. Only now should we create our directive:
.directive( 'whenActive', function ( $location ) {
return {
scope: true,
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
scope.$on( '$routeChangeSuccess', function () {
if ( $location.path() == element.attr( 'href' ) ) {
element.addClass( 'active' );
}
else {
element.removeClass( 'active' );
}
});
}
};
});
Our test now passes and our menu performs as requested. Our development is both iterative and test-driven. Wicked-cool.
5. Conceptually, directives are not packaged jQuery
You'll often hear "only do DOM manipulation in a directive". This is a necessity. Treat it with due deference!
But let's dive a little deeper...
Some directives just decorate what's already in the view (think ngClass) and therefore sometimes do DOM manipulation straight away and then are basically done. But if a directive is like a "widget" and has a template, it should also respect separation of concerns. That is, the template too should remain largely independent from its implementation in the link and controller functions.
AngularJS comes with an entire set of tools to make this very easy; with ngClass we can dynamically update the class; ngModel allows two-way data binding; ngShow and ngHide programmatically show or hide an element; and many more - including the ones we write ourselves. In other words, we can do all kinds of awesomeness without DOM manipulation. The less DOM manipulation, the easier directives are to test, the easier they are to style, the easier they are to change in the future, and the more re-usable and distributable they are.
I see lots of developers new to AngularJS using directives as the place to throw a bunch of jQuery. In other words, they think "since I can't do DOM manipulation in the controller, I'll take that code put it in a directive". While that certainly is much better, it's often still wrong.
Think of the logger we programmed in section 3. Even if we put that in a directive, we still want to do it the "Angular Way". It still doesn't take any DOM manipulation! There are lots of times when DOM manipulation is necessary, but it's a lot rarer than you think! Before doing DOM manipulation anywhere in your application, ask yourself if you really need to. There might be a better way.
Here's a quick example that shows the pattern I see most frequently. We want a toggleable button. (Note: this example is a little contrived and a skosh verbose to represent more complicated cases that are solved in exactly the same way.)
.directive( 'myDirective', function () {
return {
template: '<a class="btn">Toggle me!</a>',
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
var on = false;
$(element).click( function () {
on = !on;
$(element).toggleClass('active', on);
});
}
};
});
There are a few things wrong with this:
First, jQuery was never necessary. There's nothing we did here that needed jQuery at all!
Second, even if we already have jQuery on our page, there's no reason to use it here; we can simply use angular.element and our component will still work when dropped into a project that doesn't have jQuery.
Third, even assuming jQuery was required for this directive to work, jqLite (angular.element) will always use jQuery if it was loaded! So we needn't use the $ - we can just use angular.element.
Fourth, closely related to the third, is that jqLite elements needn't be wrapped in $ - the element that is passed to the link function would already be a jQuery element!
And fifth, which we've mentioned in previous sections, why are we mixing template stuff into our logic?
This directive can be rewritten (even for very complicated cases!) much more simply like so:
.directive( 'myDirective', function () {
return {
scope: true,
template: '<a class="btn" ng-class="{active: on}" ng-click="toggle()">Toggle me!</a>',
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
scope.on = false;
scope.toggle = function () {
scope.on = !scope.on;
};
}
};
});
Again, the template stuff is in the template, so you (or your users) can easily swap it out for one that meets any style necessary, and the logic never had to be touched. Reusability - boom!
And there are still all those other benefits, like testing - it's easy! No matter what's in the template, the directive's internal API is never touched, so refactoring is easy. You can change the template as much as you want without touching the directive. And no matter what you change, your tests still pass.
w00t!
So if directives aren't just collections of jQuery-like functions, what are they? Directives are actually extensions of HTML. If HTML doesn't do something you need it to do, you write a directive to do it for you, and then use it just as if it was part of HTML.
Put another way, if AngularJS doesn't do something out of the box, think how the team would accomplish it to fit right in with ngClick, ngClass, et al.
Summary
Don't even use jQuery. Don't even include it. It will hold you back. And when you come to a problem that you think you know how to solve in jQuery already, before you reach for the $, try to think about how to do it within the confines the AngularJS. If you don't know, ask! 19 times out of 20, the best way to do it doesn't need jQuery and to try to solve it with jQuery results in more work for you.
Imperative → declarative
In jQuery, selectors are used to find DOM elements and then bind/register event handlers to them. When an event triggers, that (imperative) code executes to update/change the DOM.
In AngularJS, you want to think about views rather than DOM elements. Views are (declarative) HTML that contain AngularJS directives. Directives set up the event handlers behind the scenes for us and give us dynamic databinding. Selectors are rarely used, so the need for IDs (and some types of classes) is greatly diminished. Views are tied to models (via scopes). Views are a projection of the model. Events change models (that is, data, scope properties), and the views that project those models update "automatically."
In AngularJS, think about models, rather than jQuery-selected DOM elements that hold your data. Think about views as projections of those models, rather than registering callbacks to manipulate what the user sees.
Separation of concerns
jQuery employs unobtrusive JavaScript - behavior (JavaScript) is separated from the structure (HTML).
AngularJS uses controllers and directives (each of which can have their own controller, and/or compile and linking functions) to remove behavior from the view/structure (HTML). Angular also has services and filters to help separate/organize your application.
See also https://stackoverflow.com/a/14346528/215945
Application design
One approach to designing an AngularJS application:
Think about your models. Create services or your own JavaScript objects for those models.
Think about how you want to present your models -- your views. Create HTML templates for each view, using the necessary directives to get dynamic databinding.
Attach a controller to each view (using ng-view and routing, or ng-controller). Have the controller find/get only whatever model data the view needs to do its job. Make controllers as thin as possible.
Prototypal inheritance
You can do a lot with jQuery without knowing about how JavaScript prototypal inheritance works. When developing AngularJS applications, you will avoid some common pitfalls if you have a good understanding of JavaScript inheritance. Recommended reading: What are the nuances of scope prototypal / prototypical inheritance in AngularJS?
AngularJS vs. jQuery
AngularJS and jQuery adopt very different ideologies. If you're coming from jQuery you may find some of the differences surprising. Angular may make you angry.
This is normal, you should push through. Angular is worth it.
The big difference (TLDR)
jQuery gives you a toolkit for selecting arbitrary bits of the DOM and making ad-hoc changes to them. You can do pretty much anything you like piece by piece.
AngularJS instead gives you a compiler.
What this means is that AngularJS reads your entire DOM from top to bottom and treats it as code, literally as instructions to the compiler. As it traverses the DOM, It looks for specific directives (compiler directives) that tell the AngularJS compiler how to behave and what to do. Directives are little objects full of JavaScript which can match against attributes, tags, classes or even comments.
When the Angular compiler determines that a piece of the DOM matches a particular directive, it calls the directive function, passing it the DOM element, any attributes, the current $scope (which is a local variable store), and some other useful bits. These attributes may contain expressions which can be interpreted by the Directive, and which tell it how to render, and when it should redraw itself.
Directives can then in turn pull in additional Angular components such as controllers, services, etc. What comes out the bottom of the compiler is a fully formed web application, wired up and ready to go.
This means that Angular is Template Driven. Your template drives the JavaScript, not the other way around. This is a radical reversal of roles, and the complete opposite of the unobtrusive JavaScript we have been writing for the last 10 years or so. This can take some getting used to.
If this sounds like it might be over-prescriptive and limiting, nothing could be farther from the truth. Because AngularJS treats your HTML as code, you get HTML level granularity in your web application. Everything is possible, and most things are surprisingly easy once you make a few conceptual leaps.
Let's get down to the nitty gritty.
First up, Angular doesn't replace jQuery
Angular and jQuery do different things. AngularJS gives you a set of tools to produce web applications. jQuery mainly gives you tools for modifying the DOM. If jQuery is present on your page, AngularJS will use it automatically. If it isn't, AngularJS ships with jQuery Lite, which is a cut down, but still perfectly usable version of jQuery.
Misko likes jQuery and doesn't object to you using it. However you will find as you advance that you can get a pretty much all of your work done using a combination of scope, templates and directives, and you should prefer this workflow where possible because your code will be more discrete, more configurable, and more Angular.
If you do use jQuery, you shouldn't be sprinkling it all over the place. The correct place for DOM manipulation in AngularJS is in a directive. More on these later.
Unobtrusive JavaScript with Selectors vs. Declarative Templates
jQuery is typically applied unobtrusively. Your JavaScript code is linked in the header (or the footer), and this is the only place it is mentioned. We use selectors to pick out bits of the page and write plugins to modify those parts.
The JavaScript is in control. The HTML has a completely independent existence. Your HTML remains semantic even without JavaScript. Onclick attributes are very bad practice.
One of the first things your will notice about AngularJS is that custom attributes are everywhere. Your HTML will be littered with ng attributes, which are essentially onClick attributes on steroids. These are directives (compiler directives), and are one of the main ways in which the template is hooked to the model.
When you first see this you might be tempted to write AngularJS off as old school intrusive JavaScript (like I did at first). In fact, AngularJS does not play by those rules. In AngularJS, your HTML5 is a template. It is compiled by AngularJS to produce your web page.
This is the first big difference. To jQuery, your web page is a DOM to be manipulated. To AngularJS, your HTML is code to be compiled. AngularJS reads in your whole web page and literally compiles it into a new web page using its built in compiler.
Your template should be declarative; its meaning should be clear simply by reading it. We use custom attributes with meaningful names. We make up new HTML elements, again with meaningful names. A designer with minimal HTML knowledge and no coding skill can read your AngularJS template and understand what it is doing. He or she can make modifications. This is the Angular way.
The template is in the driving seat.
One of the first questions I asked myself when starting AngularJS and running through the tutorials is "Where is my code?". I've written no JavaScript, and yet I have all this behaviour. The answer is obvious. Because AngularJS compiles the DOM, AngularJS is treating your HTML as code. For many simple cases it's often sufficient to just write a template and let AngularJS compile it into an application for you.
Your template drives your application. It's treated as a DSL. You write AngularJS components, and AngularJS will take care of pulling them in and making them available at the right time based on the structure of your template. This is very different to a standard MVC pattern, where the template is just for output.
It's more similar to XSLT than Ruby on Rails for example.
This is a radical inversion of control that takes some getting used to.
Stop trying to drive your application from your JavaScript. Let the template drive the application, and let AngularJS take care of wiring the components together. This also is the Angular way.
Semantic HTML vs. Semantic Models
With jQuery your HTML page should contain semantic meaningful content. If the JavaScript is turned off (by a user or search engine) your content remains accessible.
Because AngularJS treats your HTML page as a template. The template is not supposed to be semantic as your content is typically stored in your model which ultimately comes from your API. AngularJS compiles your DOM with the model to produce a semantic web page.
Your HTML source is no longer semantic, instead, your API and compiled DOM are semantic.
In AngularJS, meaning lives in the model, the HTML is just a template, for display only.
At this point you likely have all sorts of questions concerning SEO and accessibility, and rightly so. There are open issues here. Most screen readers will now parse JavaScript. Search engines can also index AJAXed content. Nevertheless, you will want to make sure you are using pushstate URLs and you have a decent sitemap. See here for a discussion of the issue: https://stackoverflow.com/a/23245379/687677
Separation of concerns (SOC) vs. MVC
Separation of concerns (SOC) is a pattern that grew up over many years of web development for a variety of reasons including SEO, accessibility and browser incompatibility. It looks like this:
HTML - Semantic meaning. The HTML should stand alone.
CSS - Styling, without the CSS the page is still readable.
JavaScript - Behaviour, without the script the content remains.
Again, AngularJS does not play by their rules. In a stroke, AngularJS does away with a decade of received wisdom and instead implements an MVC pattern in which the template is no longer semantic, not even a little bit.
It looks like this:
Model - your models contains your semantic data. Models are usually JSON objects. Models exist as attributes of an object called $scope. You can also store handy utility functions on $scope which your templates can then access.
View - Your views are written in HTML. The view is usually not semantic because your data lives in the model.
Controller - Your controller is a JavaScript function which hooks the view to the model. Its function is to initialise $scope. Depending on your application, you may or may not need to create a controller. You can have many controllers on a page.
MVC and SOC are not on opposite ends of the same scale, they are on completely different axes. SOC makes no sense in an AngularJS context. You have to forget it and move on.
If, like me, you lived through the browser wars, you might find this idea quite offensive. Get over it, it'll be worth it, I promise.
Plugins vs. Directives
Plugins extend jQuery. AngularJS Directives extend the capabilities of your browser.
In jQuery we define plugins by adding functions to the jQuery.prototype. We then hook these into the DOM by selecting elements and calling the plugin on the result. The idea is to extend the capabilities of jQuery.
For example, if you want a carousel on your page, you might define an unordered list of figures, perhaps wrapped in a nav element. You might then write some jQuery to select the list on the page and restyle it as a gallery with timeouts to do the sliding animation.
In AngularJS, we define directives. A directive is a function which returns a JSON object. This object tells AngularJS what DOM elements to look for, and what changes to make to them. Directives are hooked in to the template using either attributes or elements, which you invent. The idea is to extend the capabilities of HTML with new attributes and elements.
The AngularJS way is to extend the capabilities of native looking HTML. You should write HTML that looks like HTML, extended with custom attributes and elements.
If you want a carousel, just use a <carousel /> element, then define a directive to pull in a template, and make that sucker work.
Lots of small directives vs. big plugins with configuration switches
The tendency with jQuery is to write great big plugins like lightbox which we then configure by passing in numerous values and options.
This is a mistake in AngularJS.
Take the example of a dropdown. When writing a dropdown plugin you might be tempted to code in click handlers, perhaps a function to add in a chevron which is either up or down, perhaps change the class of the unfolded element, show hide the menu, all helpful stuff.
Until you want to make a small change.
Say you have a menu that you want to unfold on hover. Well now we have a problem. Our plugin has wired in our click handler for us, we're going to need to add a configuration option to make it behave differently in this specific case.
In AngularJS we write smaller directives. Our dropdown directive would be ridiculously small. It might maintain the folded state, and provide methods to fold(), unfold() or toggle(). These methods would simply update $scope.menu.visible which is a boolean holding the state.
Now in our template we can wire this up:
<a ng-click="toggle()">Menu</a>
<ul ng-show="menu.visible">
...
</ul>
Need to update on mouseover?
<a ng-mouseenter="unfold()" ng-mouseleave="fold()">Menu</a>
<ul ng-show="menu.visible">
...
</ul>
The template drives the application so we get HTML level granularity. If we want to make case by case exceptions, the template makes this easy.
Closure vs. $scope
JQuery plugins are created in a closure. Privacy is maintained within that closure. It's up to you to maintain your scope chain within that closure. You only really have access to the set of DOM nodes passed in to the plugin by jQuery, plus any local variables defined in the closure and any globals you have defined. This means that plugins are quite self contained. This is a good thing, but can get restrictive when creating a whole application. Trying to pass data between sections of a dynamic page becomes a chore.
AngularJS has $scope objects. These are special objects created and maintained by AngularJS in which you store your model. Certain directives will spawn a new $scope, which by default inherits from its wrapping $scope using JavaScript prototypical inheritance. The $scope object is accessible in the controller and the view.
This is the clever part. Because the structure of $scope inheritance roughly follows the structure of the DOM, elements have access to their own scope, and any containing scopes seamlessly, all the way up to the global $scope (which is not the same as the global scope).
This makes it much easier to pass data around, and to store data at an appropriate level. If a dropdown is unfolded, only the dropdown $scope needs to know about it. If the user updates their preferences, you might want to update the global $scope, and any nested scopes listening to the user preferences would automatically be alerted.
This might sound complicated, in fact, once you relax into it, it's like flying. You don't need to create the $scope object, AngularJS instantiates and configures it for you, correctly and appropriately based on your template hierarchy. AngularJS then makes it available to your component using the magic of dependency injection (more on this later).
Manual DOM changes vs. Data Binding
In jQuery you make all your DOM changes by hand. You construct new DOM elements programatically. If you have a JSON array and you want to put it to the DOM, you must write a function to generate the HTML and insert it.
In AngularJS you can do this too, but you are encouraged to make use of data binding. Change your model, and because the DOM is bound to it via a template your DOM will automatically update, no intervention required.
Because data binding is done from the template, using either an attribute or the curly brace syntax, it's super easy to do. There's little cognitive overhead associated with it so you'll find yourself doing it all the time.
<input ng-model="user.name" />
Binds the input element to $scope.user.name. Updating the input will update the value in your current scope, and vice-versa.
Likewise:
<p>
{{user.name}}
</p>
will output the user name in a paragraph. It's a live binding, so if the $scope.user.name value is updated, the template will update too.
Ajax all of the time
In jQuery making an Ajax call is fairly simple, but it's still something you might think twice about. There's the added complexity to think about, and a fair chunk of script to maintain.
In AngularJS, Ajax is your default go-to solution and it happens all the time, almost without you noticing. You can include templates with ng-include. You can apply a template with the simplest custom directive. You can wrap an Ajax call in a service and create yourself a GitHub service, or a Flickr service, which you can access with astonishing ease.
Service Objects vs Helper Functions
In jQuery, if we want to accomplish a small non-dom related task such as pulling a feed from an API, we might write a little function to do that in our closure. That's a valid solution, but what if we want to access that feed often? What if we want to reuse that code in another application?
AngularJS gives us service objects.
Services are simple objects that contain functions and data. They are always singletons, meaning there can never be more than one of them. Say we want to access the Stack Overflow API, we might write a StackOverflowService which defines methods for doing so.
Let's say we have a shopping cart. We might define a ShoppingCartService which maintains our cart and contains methods for adding and removing items. Because the service is a singleton, and is shared by all other components, any object that needs to can write to the shopping cart and pull data from it. It's always the same cart.
Service objects are self-contained AngularJS components which we can use and reuse as we see fit. They are simple JSON objects containing functions and Data. They are always singletons, so if you store data on a service in one place, you can get that data out somewhere else just by requesting the same service.
Dependency injection (DI) vs. Instatiation - aka de-spaghettification
AngularJS manages your dependencies for you. If you want an object, simply refer to it and AngularJS will get it for you.
Until you start to use this, it's hard to explain just what a massive time boon this is. Nothing like AngularJS DI exists inside jQuery.
DI means that instead of writing your application and wiring it together, you instead define a library of components, each identified by a string.
Say I have a component called 'FlickrService' which defines methods for pulling JSON feeds from Flickr. Now, if I want to write a controller that can access Flickr, I just need to refer to the 'FlickrService' by name when I declare the controller. AngularJS will take care of instantiating the component and making it available to my controller.
For example, here I define a service:
myApp.service('FlickrService', function() {
return {
getFeed: function() { // do something here }
}
});
Now when I want to use that service I just refer to it by name like this:
myApp.controller('myController', ['FlickrService', function(FlickrService) {
FlickrService.getFeed()
}]);
AngularJS will recognise that a FlickrService object is needed to instantiate the controller, and will provide one for us.
This makes wiring things together very easy, and pretty much eliminates any tendency towards spagettification. We have a flat list of components, and AngularJS hands them to us one by one as and when we need them.
Modular service architecture
jQuery says very little about how you should organise your code. AngularJS has opinions.
AngularJS gives you modules into which you can place your code. If you're writing a script that talks to Flickr for example, you might want to create a Flickr module to wrap all your Flickr related functions in. Modules can include other modules (DI). Your main application is usually a module, and this should include all the other modules your application will depend on.
You get simple code reuse, if you want to write another application based on Flickr, you can just include the Flickr module and voila, you have access to all your Flickr related functions in your new application.
Modules contain AngularJS components. When we include a module, all the components in that module become available to us as a simple list identified by their unique strings. We can then inject those components into each other using AngularJS's dependency injection mechanism.
To sum up
AngularJS and jQuery are not enemies. It's possible to use jQuery within AngularJS very nicely. If you're using AngularJS well (templates, data-binding, $scope, directives, etc.) you will find you need a lot less jQuery than you might otherwise require.
The main thing to realise is that your template drives your application. Stop trying to write big plugins that do everything. Instead write little directives that do one thing, then write a simple template to wire them together.
Think less about unobtrusive JavaScript, and instead think in terms of HTML extensions.
My little book
I got so excited about AngularJS, I wrote a short book on it which you're very welcome to read online http://nicholasjohnson.com/angular-book/. I hope it's helpful.
Can you describe the paradigm shift that is necessary?
Imperative vs Declarative
With jQuery you tell the DOM what needs to happen, step by step. With AngularJS you describe what results you want but not how to do it. More on this here. Also, check out Mark Rajcok's answer.
How do I architect and design client-side web apps differently?
AngularJS is an entire client-side framework that uses the MVC pattern (check out their graphical representation). It greatly focuses on separation of concerns.
What is the biggest difference? What should I stop doing/using; what should I start doing/using instead?
jQuery is a library
AngularJS is a beautiful client-side framework, highly testable, that combines tons of cool stuff such as MVC, dependency injection, data binding and much more.
It focuses on separation of concerns and testing (unit testing and end-to-end testing), which facilitates test-driven development.
The best way to start is going through their awesome tutorial. You can go through the steps in a couple of hours; however, in case you want to master the concepts behind the scenes, they include a myriad of reference for further reading.
Are there any server-side considerations/restrictions?
You may use it on existing applications where you are already using pure jQuery. However, if you want to fully take advantage of the AngularJS features you may consider coding the server side using a RESTful approach.
Doing so will allow you to leverage their resource factory, which creates an abstraction of your server side RESTful API and makes server-side calls (get, save, delete, etc.) incredibly easy.
To describe the "paradigm shift", I think a short answer can suffice.
AngularJS changes the way you find elements
In jQuery, you typically use selectors to find elements, and then wire them up:
$('#id .class').click(doStuff);
In AngularJS, you use directives to mark the elements directly, to wire them up:
<a ng-click="doStuff()">
AngularJS doesn't need (or want) you to find elements using selectors - the primary difference between AngularJS's jqLite versus full-blown jQuery is that jqLite does not support selectors.
So when people say "don't include jQuery at all", it's mainly because they don't want you to use selectors; they want you to learn to use directives instead. Direct, not select!
jQuery
jQuery makes ridiculously long JavaScript commands like getElementByHerpDerp shorter and cross-browser.
AngularJS
AngularJS allows you to make your own HTML tags/attributes that do things which work well with dynamic web applications (since HTML was designed for static pages).
Edit:
Saying "I have a jQuery background how do I think in AngularJS?" is like saying "I have an HTML background how do I think in JavaScript?" The fact that you're asking the question shows you most likely don't understand the fundamental purposes of these two resources. This is why I chose to answer the question by simply pointing out the fundamental difference rather than going through the list saying "AngularJS makes use of directives whereas jQuery uses CSS selectors to make a jQuery object which does this and that etc....". This question does not require a lengthy answer.
jQuery is a way to make programming JavaScript in the browser easier. Shorter, cross-browser commands, etc.
AngularJS extends HTML, so you don't have to put <div> all over the place just to make an application. It makes HTML actually work for applications rather than what it was designed for, which is static, educational web pages. It accomplishes this in a roundabout way using JavaScript, but fundamentally it is an extension of HTML, not JavaScript.
jQuery: you think a lot about 'QUERYing the DOM' for DOM elements and doing something.
AngularJS: THE model is the truth, and you always think from that ANGLE.
For example, when you get data from THE server which you intend to display in some format in the DOM, in jQuery, you need to '1. FIND' where in the DOM you want to place this data, the '2. UPDATE/APPEND' it there by creating a new node or just setting its innerHTML. Then when you want to update this view, you then '3. FIND' the location and '4. UPDATE'. This cycle of find and update all done within the same context of getting and formatting data from server is gone in AngularJS.
With AngularJS you have your model (JavaScript objects you are already used to) and the value of the model tells you about the model (obviously) and about the view, and an operation on the model automatically propagates to the view, so you don't have to think about it. You will find yourself in AngularJS no longer finding things in the DOM.
To put in another way, in jQuery, you need to think about CSS selectors, that is, where is the div or td that has a class or attribute, etc., so that I can get their HTML or color or value, but in AngularJS, you will find yourself thinking like this: what model am I dealing with, I will set the model's value to true. You are not bothering yourself of whether the view reflecting this value is a checked box or resides in a td element (details you would have often needed to think about in jQuery).
And with DOM manipulation in AngularJS, you find yourself adding directives and filters, which you can think of as valid HTML extensions.
One more thing you will experience in AngularJS: in jQuery you call the jQuery functions a lot, in AngularJS, AngularJS will call your functions, so AngularJS will 'tell you how to do things', but the benefits are worth it, so learning AngularJS usually means learning what AngularJS wants or the way AngularJS requires that you present your functions and it will call it accordingly. This is one of the things that makes AngularJS a framework rather than a library.
Those are some very nice, but lengthy answers.
To sum up my experiences:
Controllers and providers (services, factories, etc.) are for modifying the data model, NOT HTML.
HTML and directives define the layout and binding to the model.
If you need to share data between controllers, create a service or factory - they are singletons that are shared across the application.
If you need an HTML widget, create a directive.
If you have some data and are now trying to update HTML... STOP! update the model, and make sure your HTML is bound to the model.
jQuery is a DOM manipulation library.
AngularJS is an MV* framework.
In fact, AngularJS is one of the few JavaScript MV* frameworks (many JavaScript MVC tools still fall under the category library).
Being a framework, it hosts your code and takes ownership of decisions about what to call and when!
AngularJS itself includes a jQuery-lite edition within it. So for some basic DOM selection/manipulation, you really don't have to include the jQuery library (it saves many bytes to run on the network.)
AngularJS has the concept of "Directives" for DOM manipulation and designing reusable UI components, so you should use it whenever you feel the need of doing DOM manipulation related stuff (directives are only place where you should write jQuery code while using AngularJS).
AngularJS involves some learning curve (more than jQuery :-).
-->For any developer coming from jQuery background, my first advice would be to "learn JavaScript as a first class language before jumping onto a rich framework like AngularJS!"
I learned the above fact the hard way.
Good luck.
They're apples and oranges. You don't want to compare them. They're two different things. AngularJs has already jQuery lite built in which allows you to perform basic DOM manipulation without even including the full blown jQuery version.
jQuery is all about DOM manipulation. It solves all the cross browser pain otherwise you will have to deal with but it's not a framework that allows you to divide your app into components like AngularJS.
A nice thing about AngularJs is that it allows you to separate/isolate the DOM manipulation in the directives. There are built-in directives ready for you to use such as ng-click. You can create your own custom directives that will contain all your view logic or DOM manipulation so you don't end up mingle DOM manipulation code in the controllers or services that should take care of the business logic.
Angular breaks down your app into
- Controllers
- Services
- Views
- etc.
and there is one more thing, that's the directive. It's an attribute you can attach to any DOM element and you can go nuts with jQuery within it without worrying about your jQuery ever conflicts with AngularJs components or messes up with its architecture.
I heard from a meetup I attended, one of the founders of Angular said they worked really hard to separate out the DOM manipulation so do not try to include them back in.
Listen to the podcast JavaScript Jabber: Episode #32 that features the original creators of AngularJS: Misko Hevery & Igor Minar. They talk a lot about what it's like to come to AngularJS from other JavaScript backgrounds, especially jQuery.
One of the points made in the podcast made a lot of things click for me with respects to your question:
MISKO: [...] one of the things we thought about very hardly in Angular is, how do we provide lots of escape hatches so that you can get out and basically figure out a way out of this. So to us, the answer is this thing called “Directives”. And with directives, you essentially become a regular little jQuery JavaScript, you can do whatever you want.
IGOR: So think of directive as the instruction to the compiler that tells it whenever you come across this certain element or this CSS in the template, and you keep this kind of code and that code is in charge of the element and everything below that element in the DOM tree.
A transcript of the entire episode is available at the link provided above.
So, to directly answer your question: AngularJS is -very- opinionated and is a true MV* framework. However, you can still do all of the really cool stuff you know and love with jQuery inside of directives. It's not a matter of "How do I do what I used to in jQuery?" as much as it's a matter of "How do I supplement AngularJS with all of the stuff I used to do in jQuery?"
It's really two very different states of mind.
I find this question interesting, because my first serious exposure to JavaScript programming was Node.js and AngularJS. I never learned jQuery, and I guess that's a good thing, because I don't have to unlearn anything. In fact, I actively avoid jQuery solutions to my problems, and instead, solely look for an "AngularJS way" to solve them. So, I guess my answer to this question would essentially boil down to, "think like someone who never learned jQuery" and avoid any temptation to incorporate jQuery directly (obviously AngularJS uses it to some extent behind the scenes).
AngularJS and jQuery:
AngularJs and JQuery are completely different at every level except the JQLite functionality and you will see it once you start learning the AngularJs core features (I explained it below).
AngularJs is a client side framework that offers to build the independent client side application. JQuery is a client side library that play around the DOM.
AngularJs Cool Principle - If you want some changes on your UI think from model data change perspective. Change your data and UI will re-render itself. You need not to play around DOM each time unless and until it is hardly required and that should also be handled through Angular Directives.
To answer this question, I want to share my experience on the first enterprise application with AngularJS. These are the most awesome features that Angular provide where we start changing our jQuery mindset and we get the Angular like a framework and not the library.
Two-way data binding is amazing:
I had a grid with all functionality UPDATE, DELTE, INSERT. I have a data object that binds the grid's model using ng-repeat. You only need to write a single line of simple JavaScript code for delete and insert and that's it. grid automatically updates as the grid model changes instantly. Update functionality is real time, no code for it.
You feel amazing!!!
Reusable directives are super:
Write directives in one place and use it throughout the application. OMG!!! I used these directive for paging, regex, validations, etc. It is really cool!
Routing is strong:
It's up to your implementation how you want to use it, but it requires very few lines of code to route the request to specify HTML and controller (JavaScript)
Controllers are great:
Controllers take care of their own HTML, but this separation works well for common functionality well as. If you want to call the same function on the click of a button on master HTML, just write the same function name in each controller and write individual code.
Plugins:
There are many other similar features like showing an overlay in your app. You don't need to write code for it, just use an overlay plugin available as wc-overlay, and this will automatically take care of all XMLHttpRequest (XHR) requests.
Ideal for RESTful architecture:
Being a complete frameworks makes AngularJS great to work with a RESTful architecture. To call REST CRUD APIs is very easier and
Services: Write common codes using services and less code in controllers. Sevices can be used to share common functionalities among the controllers.
Extensibility: Angular has extended the HTML directives using angular directives. Write expressions inside html and evaluate them on runtime. Create your own directives and services and use them in another project without any extra effort.
As a JavaScript MV* beginner and purely focusing on the application architecture (not the server/client-side matters), I would certainly recommend the following resource (which I am surprised wasn't mentioned yet): JavaScript Design Patterns, by Addy Osmani, as an introduction to different JavaScript Design Patterns. The terms used in this answer are taken from the linked document above. I'm not going to repeat what was worded really well in the accepted answer. Instead, this answer links back to the theoretical backgrounds which power AngularJS (and other libraries).
Like me, you will quickly realize that AngularJS (or Ember.js, Durandal, & other MV* frameworks for that matter) is one complex framework assembling many of the different JavaScript design patterns.
I found it easier also, to test (1) native JavaScript code and (2) smaller libraries for each one of these patterns separately before diving into one global framework. This allowed me to better understand which crucial issues a framework adresses (because you are personally faced with the problem).
For example:
JavaScript Object-oriented Programming (this is a Google search link). It is not a library, but certainly a prerequisite to any application programming. It taught me the native implementations of the prototype, constructor, singleton & decorator patterns
jQuery/ Underscore for the facade pattern (like WYSIWYG's for manipulating the DOM)
Prototype.js for the prototype/ constructor/ mixin pattern
RequireJS/ Curl.js for the module pattern/ AMD
KnockoutJS for the observable, publish/subscribe pattern
NB: This list is not complete, nor 'the best libraries'; they just happen to be the libraries I used. These libraries also include more patterns, the ones mentioned are just their main focuses or original intents. If you feel something is missing from this list, please do mention it in the comments, and I will be glad to add it.
Actually, if you're using AngularJS, you don't need jQuery anymore. AngularJS itself has the binding and directive, which is a very good "replacement" for most things you can do with jQuery.
I usually develop mobile applications using AngularJS and Cordova. The ONLY thing from jQuery I needed is the Selector.
By googling, I see that there is a standalone jQuery selector module out there. It's Sizzle.
And I decided to make a tiny code snippet that help me quickly start a website using AngularJS with the power of jQuery Selector (using Sizzle).
I shared my code here: https://github.com/huytd/Sizzular
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Suppose I'm familiar with developing client-side applications in jQuery, but now I'd like to start using AngularJS. Can you describe the paradigm shift that is necessary? Here are a few questions that might help you frame an answer:
How do I architect and design client-side web applications differently? What is the biggest difference?
What should I stop doing/using; What should I start doing/using instead?
Are there any server-side considerations/restrictions?
I'm not looking for a detailed comparison between jQuery and AngularJS.
1. Don't design your page, and then change it with DOM manipulations
In jQuery, you design a page, and then you make it dynamic. This is because jQuery was designed for augmentation and has grown incredibly from that simple premise.
But in AngularJS, you must start from the ground up with your architecture in mind. Instead of starting by thinking "I have this piece of the DOM and I want to make it do X", you have to start with what you want to accomplish, then go about designing your application, and then finally go about designing your view.
2. Don't augment jQuery with AngularJS
Similarly, don't start with the idea that jQuery does X, Y, and Z, so I'll just add AngularJS on top of that for models and controllers. This is really tempting when you're just starting out, which is why I always recommend that new AngularJS developers don't use jQuery at all, at least until they get used to doing things the "Angular Way".
I've seen many developers here and on the mailing list create these elaborate solutions with jQuery plugins of 150 or 200 lines of code that they then glue into AngularJS with a collection of callbacks and $applys that are confusing and convoluted; but they eventually get it working! The problem is that in most cases that jQuery plugin could be rewritten in AngularJS in a fraction of the code, where suddenly everything becomes comprehensible and straightforward.
The bottom line is this: when solutioning, first "think in AngularJS"; if you can't think of a solution, ask the community; if after all of that there is no easy solution, then feel free to reach for the jQuery. But don't let jQuery become a crutch or you'll never master AngularJS.
3. Always think in terms of architecture
First know that single-page applications are applications. They're not webpages. So we need to think like a server-side developer in addition to thinking like a client-side developer. We have to think about how to divide our application into individual, extensible, testable components.
So then how do you do that? How do you "think in AngularJS"? Here are some general principles, contrasted with jQuery.
The view is the "official record"
In jQuery, we programmatically change the view. We could have a dropdown menu defined as a ul like so:
<ul class="main-menu">
<li class="active">
Home
</li>
<li>
Menu 1
<ul>
<li>Submenu 1</li>
<li>Submenu 2</li>
<li>Submenu 3</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Menu 2
</li>
</ul>
In jQuery, in our application logic, we would activate it with something like:
$('.main-menu').dropdownMenu();
When we just look at the view, it's not immediately obvious that there is any functionality here. For small applications, that's fine. But for non-trivial applications, things quickly get confusing and hard to maintain.
In AngularJS, though, the view is the official record of view-based functionality. Our ul declaration would look like this instead:
<ul class="main-menu" dropdown-menu>
...
</ul>
These two do the same thing, but in the AngularJS version anyone looking at the template knows what's supposed to happen. Whenever a new member of the development team comes on board, she can look at this and then know that there is a directive called dropdownMenu operating on it; she doesn't need to intuit the right answer or sift through any code. The view told us what was supposed to happen. Much cleaner.
Developers new to AngularJS often ask a question like: how do I find all links of a specific kind and add a directive onto them. The developer is always flabbergasted when we reply: you don't. But the reason you don't do that is that this is like half-jQuery, half-AngularJS, and no good. The problem here is that the developer is trying to "do jQuery" in the context of AngularJS. That's never going to work well. The view is the official record. Outside of a directive (more on this below), you never, ever, never change the DOM. And directives are applied in the view, so intent is clear.
Remember: don't design, and then mark up. You must architect, and then design.
Data binding
This is by far one of the most awesome features of AngularJS and cuts out a lot of the need to do the kinds of DOM manipulations I mentioned in the previous section. AngularJS will automatically update your view so you don't have to! In jQuery, we respond to events and then update content. Something like:
$.ajax({
url: '/myEndpoint.json',
success: function ( data, status ) {
$('ul#log').append('<li>Data Received!</li>');
}
});
For a view that looks like this:
<ul class="messages" id="log">
</ul>
Apart from mixing concerns, we also have the same problems of signifying intent that I mentioned before. But more importantly, we had to manually reference and update a DOM node. And if we want to delete a log entry, we have to code against the DOM for that too. How do we test the logic apart from the DOM? And what if we want to change the presentation?
This a little messy and a trifle frail. But in AngularJS, we can do this:
$http( '/myEndpoint.json' ).then( function ( response ) {
$scope.log.push( { msg: 'Data Received!' } );
});
And our view can look like this:
<ul class="messages">
<li ng-repeat="entry in log">{{ entry.msg }}</li>
</ul>
But for that matter, our view could look like this:
<div class="messages">
<div class="alert" ng-repeat="entry in log">
{{ entry.msg }}
</div>
</div>
And now instead of using an unordered list, we're using Bootstrap alert boxes. And we never had to change the controller code! But more importantly, no matter where or how the log gets updated, the view will change too. Automatically. Neat!
Though I didn't show it here, the data binding is two-way. So those log messages could also be editable in the view just by doing this: <input ng-model="entry.msg" />. And there was much rejoicing.
Distinct model layer
In jQuery, the DOM is kind of like the model. But in AngularJS, we have a separate model layer that we can manage in any way we want, completely independently from the view. This helps for the above data binding, maintains separation of concerns, and introduces far greater testability. Other answers mentioned this point, so I'll just leave it at that.
Separation of concerns
And all of the above tie into this over-arching theme: keep your concerns separate. Your view acts as the official record of what is supposed to happen (for the most part); your model represents your data; you have a service layer to perform reusable tasks; you do DOM manipulation and augment your view with directives; and you glue it all together with controllers. This was also mentioned in other answers, and the only thing I would add pertains to testability, which I discuss in another section below.
Dependency injection
To help us out with separation of concerns is dependency injection (DI). If you come from a server-side language (from Java to PHP) you're probably familiar with this concept already, but if you're a client-side guy coming from jQuery, this concept can seem anything from silly to superfluous to hipster. But it's not. :-)
From a broad perspective, DI means that you can declare components very freely and then from any other component, just ask for an instance of it and it will be granted. You don't have to know about loading order, or file locations, or anything like that. The power may not immediately be visible, but I'll provide just one (common) example: testing.
Let's say in our application, we require a service that implements server-side storage through a REST API and, depending on application state, local storage as well. When running tests on our controllers, we don't want to have to communicate with the server - we're testing the controller, after all. We can just add a mock service of the same name as our original component, and the injector will ensure that our controller gets the fake one automatically - our controller doesn't and needn't know the difference.
Speaking of testing...
4. Test-driven development - always
This is really part of section 3 on architecture, but it's so important that I'm putting it as its own top-level section.
Out of all of the many jQuery plugins you've seen, used, or written, how many of them had an accompanying test suite? Not very many because jQuery isn't very amenable to that. But AngularJS is.
In jQuery, the only way to test is often to create the component independently with a sample/demo page against which our tests can perform DOM manipulation. So then we have to develop a component separately and then integrate it into our application. How inconvenient! So much of the time, when developing with jQuery, we opt for iterative instead of test-driven development. And who could blame us?
But because we have separation of concerns, we can do test-driven development iteratively in AngularJS! For example, let's say we want a super-simple directive to indicate in our menu what our current route is. We can declare what we want in the view of our application:
<a href="/hello" when-active>Hello</a>
Okay, now we can write a test for the non-existent when-active directive:
it( 'should add "active" when the route changes', inject(function() {
var elm = $compile( '<a href="/hello" when-active>Hello</a>' )( $scope );
$location.path('/not-matching');
expect( elm.hasClass('active') ).toBeFalsey();
$location.path( '/hello' );
expect( elm.hasClass('active') ).toBeTruthy();
}));
And when we run our test, we can confirm that it fails. Only now should we create our directive:
.directive( 'whenActive', function ( $location ) {
return {
scope: true,
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
scope.$on( '$routeChangeSuccess', function () {
if ( $location.path() == element.attr( 'href' ) ) {
element.addClass( 'active' );
}
else {
element.removeClass( 'active' );
}
});
}
};
});
Our test now passes and our menu performs as requested. Our development is both iterative and test-driven. Wicked-cool.
5. Conceptually, directives are not packaged jQuery
You'll often hear "only do DOM manipulation in a directive". This is a necessity. Treat it with due deference!
But let's dive a little deeper...
Some directives just decorate what's already in the view (think ngClass) and therefore sometimes do DOM manipulation straight away and then are basically done. But if a directive is like a "widget" and has a template, it should also respect separation of concerns. That is, the template too should remain largely independent from its implementation in the link and controller functions.
AngularJS comes with an entire set of tools to make this very easy; with ngClass we can dynamically update the class; ngModel allows two-way data binding; ngShow and ngHide programmatically show or hide an element; and many more - including the ones we write ourselves. In other words, we can do all kinds of awesomeness without DOM manipulation. The less DOM manipulation, the easier directives are to test, the easier they are to style, the easier they are to change in the future, and the more re-usable and distributable they are.
I see lots of developers new to AngularJS using directives as the place to throw a bunch of jQuery. In other words, they think "since I can't do DOM manipulation in the controller, I'll take that code put it in a directive". While that certainly is much better, it's often still wrong.
Think of the logger we programmed in section 3. Even if we put that in a directive, we still want to do it the "Angular Way". It still doesn't take any DOM manipulation! There are lots of times when DOM manipulation is necessary, but it's a lot rarer than you think! Before doing DOM manipulation anywhere in your application, ask yourself if you really need to. There might be a better way.
Here's a quick example that shows the pattern I see most frequently. We want a toggleable button. (Note: this example is a little contrived and a skosh verbose to represent more complicated cases that are solved in exactly the same way.)
.directive( 'myDirective', function () {
return {
template: '<a class="btn">Toggle me!</a>',
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
var on = false;
$(element).click( function () {
on = !on;
$(element).toggleClass('active', on);
});
}
};
});
There are a few things wrong with this:
First, jQuery was never necessary. There's nothing we did here that needed jQuery at all!
Second, even if we already have jQuery on our page, there's no reason to use it here; we can simply use angular.element and our component will still work when dropped into a project that doesn't have jQuery.
Third, even assuming jQuery was required for this directive to work, jqLite (angular.element) will always use jQuery if it was loaded! So we needn't use the $ - we can just use angular.element.
Fourth, closely related to the third, is that jqLite elements needn't be wrapped in $ - the element that is passed to the link function would already be a jQuery element!
And fifth, which we've mentioned in previous sections, why are we mixing template stuff into our logic?
This directive can be rewritten (even for very complicated cases!) much more simply like so:
.directive( 'myDirective', function () {
return {
scope: true,
template: '<a class="btn" ng-class="{active: on}" ng-click="toggle()">Toggle me!</a>',
link: function ( scope, element, attrs ) {
scope.on = false;
scope.toggle = function () {
scope.on = !scope.on;
};
}
};
});
Again, the template stuff is in the template, so you (or your users) can easily swap it out for one that meets any style necessary, and the logic never had to be touched. Reusability - boom!
And there are still all those other benefits, like testing - it's easy! No matter what's in the template, the directive's internal API is never touched, so refactoring is easy. You can change the template as much as you want without touching the directive. And no matter what you change, your tests still pass.
w00t!
So if directives aren't just collections of jQuery-like functions, what are they? Directives are actually extensions of HTML. If HTML doesn't do something you need it to do, you write a directive to do it for you, and then use it just as if it was part of HTML.
Put another way, if AngularJS doesn't do something out of the box, think how the team would accomplish it to fit right in with ngClick, ngClass, et al.
Summary
Don't even use jQuery. Don't even include it. It will hold you back. And when you come to a problem that you think you know how to solve in jQuery already, before you reach for the $, try to think about how to do it within the confines the AngularJS. If you don't know, ask! 19 times out of 20, the best way to do it doesn't need jQuery and to try to solve it with jQuery results in more work for you.
Imperative → declarative
In jQuery, selectors are used to find DOM elements and then bind/register event handlers to them. When an event triggers, that (imperative) code executes to update/change the DOM.
In AngularJS, you want to think about views rather than DOM elements. Views are (declarative) HTML that contain AngularJS directives. Directives set up the event handlers behind the scenes for us and give us dynamic databinding. Selectors are rarely used, so the need for IDs (and some types of classes) is greatly diminished. Views are tied to models (via scopes). Views are a projection of the model. Events change models (that is, data, scope properties), and the views that project those models update "automatically."
In AngularJS, think about models, rather than jQuery-selected DOM elements that hold your data. Think about views as projections of those models, rather than registering callbacks to manipulate what the user sees.
Separation of concerns
jQuery employs unobtrusive JavaScript - behavior (JavaScript) is separated from the structure (HTML).
AngularJS uses controllers and directives (each of which can have their own controller, and/or compile and linking functions) to remove behavior from the view/structure (HTML). Angular also has services and filters to help separate/organize your application.
See also https://stackoverflow.com/a/14346528/215945
Application design
One approach to designing an AngularJS application:
Think about your models. Create services or your own JavaScript objects for those models.
Think about how you want to present your models -- your views. Create HTML templates for each view, using the necessary directives to get dynamic databinding.
Attach a controller to each view (using ng-view and routing, or ng-controller). Have the controller find/get only whatever model data the view needs to do its job. Make controllers as thin as possible.
Prototypal inheritance
You can do a lot with jQuery without knowing about how JavaScript prototypal inheritance works. When developing AngularJS applications, you will avoid some common pitfalls if you have a good understanding of JavaScript inheritance. Recommended reading: What are the nuances of scope prototypal / prototypical inheritance in AngularJS?
AngularJS vs. jQuery
AngularJS and jQuery adopt very different ideologies. If you're coming from jQuery you may find some of the differences surprising. Angular may make you angry.
This is normal, you should push through. Angular is worth it.
The big difference (TLDR)
jQuery gives you a toolkit for selecting arbitrary bits of the DOM and making ad-hoc changes to them. You can do pretty much anything you like piece by piece.
AngularJS instead gives you a compiler.
What this means is that AngularJS reads your entire DOM from top to bottom and treats it as code, literally as instructions to the compiler. As it traverses the DOM, It looks for specific directives (compiler directives) that tell the AngularJS compiler how to behave and what to do. Directives are little objects full of JavaScript which can match against attributes, tags, classes or even comments.
When the Angular compiler determines that a piece of the DOM matches a particular directive, it calls the directive function, passing it the DOM element, any attributes, the current $scope (which is a local variable store), and some other useful bits. These attributes may contain expressions which can be interpreted by the Directive, and which tell it how to render, and when it should redraw itself.
Directives can then in turn pull in additional Angular components such as controllers, services, etc. What comes out the bottom of the compiler is a fully formed web application, wired up and ready to go.
This means that Angular is Template Driven. Your template drives the JavaScript, not the other way around. This is a radical reversal of roles, and the complete opposite of the unobtrusive JavaScript we have been writing for the last 10 years or so. This can take some getting used to.
If this sounds like it might be over-prescriptive and limiting, nothing could be farther from the truth. Because AngularJS treats your HTML as code, you get HTML level granularity in your web application. Everything is possible, and most things are surprisingly easy once you make a few conceptual leaps.
Let's get down to the nitty gritty.
First up, Angular doesn't replace jQuery
Angular and jQuery do different things. AngularJS gives you a set of tools to produce web applications. jQuery mainly gives you tools for modifying the DOM. If jQuery is present on your page, AngularJS will use it automatically. If it isn't, AngularJS ships with jQuery Lite, which is a cut down, but still perfectly usable version of jQuery.
Misko likes jQuery and doesn't object to you using it. However you will find as you advance that you can get a pretty much all of your work done using a combination of scope, templates and directives, and you should prefer this workflow where possible because your code will be more discrete, more configurable, and more Angular.
If you do use jQuery, you shouldn't be sprinkling it all over the place. The correct place for DOM manipulation in AngularJS is in a directive. More on these later.
Unobtrusive JavaScript with Selectors vs. Declarative Templates
jQuery is typically applied unobtrusively. Your JavaScript code is linked in the header (or the footer), and this is the only place it is mentioned. We use selectors to pick out bits of the page and write plugins to modify those parts.
The JavaScript is in control. The HTML has a completely independent existence. Your HTML remains semantic even without JavaScript. Onclick attributes are very bad practice.
One of the first things your will notice about AngularJS is that custom attributes are everywhere. Your HTML will be littered with ng attributes, which are essentially onClick attributes on steroids. These are directives (compiler directives), and are one of the main ways in which the template is hooked to the model.
When you first see this you might be tempted to write AngularJS off as old school intrusive JavaScript (like I did at first). In fact, AngularJS does not play by those rules. In AngularJS, your HTML5 is a template. It is compiled by AngularJS to produce your web page.
This is the first big difference. To jQuery, your web page is a DOM to be manipulated. To AngularJS, your HTML is code to be compiled. AngularJS reads in your whole web page and literally compiles it into a new web page using its built in compiler.
Your template should be declarative; its meaning should be clear simply by reading it. We use custom attributes with meaningful names. We make up new HTML elements, again with meaningful names. A designer with minimal HTML knowledge and no coding skill can read your AngularJS template and understand what it is doing. He or she can make modifications. This is the Angular way.
The template is in the driving seat.
One of the first questions I asked myself when starting AngularJS and running through the tutorials is "Where is my code?". I've written no JavaScript, and yet I have all this behaviour. The answer is obvious. Because AngularJS compiles the DOM, AngularJS is treating your HTML as code. For many simple cases it's often sufficient to just write a template and let AngularJS compile it into an application for you.
Your template drives your application. It's treated as a DSL. You write AngularJS components, and AngularJS will take care of pulling them in and making them available at the right time based on the structure of your template. This is very different to a standard MVC pattern, where the template is just for output.
It's more similar to XSLT than Ruby on Rails for example.
This is a radical inversion of control that takes some getting used to.
Stop trying to drive your application from your JavaScript. Let the template drive the application, and let AngularJS take care of wiring the components together. This also is the Angular way.
Semantic HTML vs. Semantic Models
With jQuery your HTML page should contain semantic meaningful content. If the JavaScript is turned off (by a user or search engine) your content remains accessible.
Because AngularJS treats your HTML page as a template. The template is not supposed to be semantic as your content is typically stored in your model which ultimately comes from your API. AngularJS compiles your DOM with the model to produce a semantic web page.
Your HTML source is no longer semantic, instead, your API and compiled DOM are semantic.
In AngularJS, meaning lives in the model, the HTML is just a template, for display only.
At this point you likely have all sorts of questions concerning SEO and accessibility, and rightly so. There are open issues here. Most screen readers will now parse JavaScript. Search engines can also index AJAXed content. Nevertheless, you will want to make sure you are using pushstate URLs and you have a decent sitemap. See here for a discussion of the issue: https://stackoverflow.com/a/23245379/687677
Separation of concerns (SOC) vs. MVC
Separation of concerns (SOC) is a pattern that grew up over many years of web development for a variety of reasons including SEO, accessibility and browser incompatibility. It looks like this:
HTML - Semantic meaning. The HTML should stand alone.
CSS - Styling, without the CSS the page is still readable.
JavaScript - Behaviour, without the script the content remains.
Again, AngularJS does not play by their rules. In a stroke, AngularJS does away with a decade of received wisdom and instead implements an MVC pattern in which the template is no longer semantic, not even a little bit.
It looks like this:
Model - your models contains your semantic data. Models are usually JSON objects. Models exist as attributes of an object called $scope. You can also store handy utility functions on $scope which your templates can then access.
View - Your views are written in HTML. The view is usually not semantic because your data lives in the model.
Controller - Your controller is a JavaScript function which hooks the view to the model. Its function is to initialise $scope. Depending on your application, you may or may not need to create a controller. You can have many controllers on a page.
MVC and SOC are not on opposite ends of the same scale, they are on completely different axes. SOC makes no sense in an AngularJS context. You have to forget it and move on.
If, like me, you lived through the browser wars, you might find this idea quite offensive. Get over it, it'll be worth it, I promise.
Plugins vs. Directives
Plugins extend jQuery. AngularJS Directives extend the capabilities of your browser.
In jQuery we define plugins by adding functions to the jQuery.prototype. We then hook these into the DOM by selecting elements and calling the plugin on the result. The idea is to extend the capabilities of jQuery.
For example, if you want a carousel on your page, you might define an unordered list of figures, perhaps wrapped in a nav element. You might then write some jQuery to select the list on the page and restyle it as a gallery with timeouts to do the sliding animation.
In AngularJS, we define directives. A directive is a function which returns a JSON object. This object tells AngularJS what DOM elements to look for, and what changes to make to them. Directives are hooked in to the template using either attributes or elements, which you invent. The idea is to extend the capabilities of HTML with new attributes and elements.
The AngularJS way is to extend the capabilities of native looking HTML. You should write HTML that looks like HTML, extended with custom attributes and elements.
If you want a carousel, just use a <carousel /> element, then define a directive to pull in a template, and make that sucker work.
Lots of small directives vs. big plugins with configuration switches
The tendency with jQuery is to write great big plugins like lightbox which we then configure by passing in numerous values and options.
This is a mistake in AngularJS.
Take the example of a dropdown. When writing a dropdown plugin you might be tempted to code in click handlers, perhaps a function to add in a chevron which is either up or down, perhaps change the class of the unfolded element, show hide the menu, all helpful stuff.
Until you want to make a small change.
Say you have a menu that you want to unfold on hover. Well now we have a problem. Our plugin has wired in our click handler for us, we're going to need to add a configuration option to make it behave differently in this specific case.
In AngularJS we write smaller directives. Our dropdown directive would be ridiculously small. It might maintain the folded state, and provide methods to fold(), unfold() or toggle(). These methods would simply update $scope.menu.visible which is a boolean holding the state.
Now in our template we can wire this up:
<a ng-click="toggle()">Menu</a>
<ul ng-show="menu.visible">
...
</ul>
Need to update on mouseover?
<a ng-mouseenter="unfold()" ng-mouseleave="fold()">Menu</a>
<ul ng-show="menu.visible">
...
</ul>
The template drives the application so we get HTML level granularity. If we want to make case by case exceptions, the template makes this easy.
Closure vs. $scope
JQuery plugins are created in a closure. Privacy is maintained within that closure. It's up to you to maintain your scope chain within that closure. You only really have access to the set of DOM nodes passed in to the plugin by jQuery, plus any local variables defined in the closure and any globals you have defined. This means that plugins are quite self contained. This is a good thing, but can get restrictive when creating a whole application. Trying to pass data between sections of a dynamic page becomes a chore.
AngularJS has $scope objects. These are special objects created and maintained by AngularJS in which you store your model. Certain directives will spawn a new $scope, which by default inherits from its wrapping $scope using JavaScript prototypical inheritance. The $scope object is accessible in the controller and the view.
This is the clever part. Because the structure of $scope inheritance roughly follows the structure of the DOM, elements have access to their own scope, and any containing scopes seamlessly, all the way up to the global $scope (which is not the same as the global scope).
This makes it much easier to pass data around, and to store data at an appropriate level. If a dropdown is unfolded, only the dropdown $scope needs to know about it. If the user updates their preferences, you might want to update the global $scope, and any nested scopes listening to the user preferences would automatically be alerted.
This might sound complicated, in fact, once you relax into it, it's like flying. You don't need to create the $scope object, AngularJS instantiates and configures it for you, correctly and appropriately based on your template hierarchy. AngularJS then makes it available to your component using the magic of dependency injection (more on this later).
Manual DOM changes vs. Data Binding
In jQuery you make all your DOM changes by hand. You construct new DOM elements programatically. If you have a JSON array and you want to put it to the DOM, you must write a function to generate the HTML and insert it.
In AngularJS you can do this too, but you are encouraged to make use of data binding. Change your model, and because the DOM is bound to it via a template your DOM will automatically update, no intervention required.
Because data binding is done from the template, using either an attribute or the curly brace syntax, it's super easy to do. There's little cognitive overhead associated with it so you'll find yourself doing it all the time.
<input ng-model="user.name" />
Binds the input element to $scope.user.name. Updating the input will update the value in your current scope, and vice-versa.
Likewise:
<p>
{{user.name}}
</p>
will output the user name in a paragraph. It's a live binding, so if the $scope.user.name value is updated, the template will update too.
Ajax all of the time
In jQuery making an Ajax call is fairly simple, but it's still something you might think twice about. There's the added complexity to think about, and a fair chunk of script to maintain.
In AngularJS, Ajax is your default go-to solution and it happens all the time, almost without you noticing. You can include templates with ng-include. You can apply a template with the simplest custom directive. You can wrap an Ajax call in a service and create yourself a GitHub service, or a Flickr service, which you can access with astonishing ease.
Service Objects vs Helper Functions
In jQuery, if we want to accomplish a small non-dom related task such as pulling a feed from an API, we might write a little function to do that in our closure. That's a valid solution, but what if we want to access that feed often? What if we want to reuse that code in another application?
AngularJS gives us service objects.
Services are simple objects that contain functions and data. They are always singletons, meaning there can never be more than one of them. Say we want to access the Stack Overflow API, we might write a StackOverflowService which defines methods for doing so.
Let's say we have a shopping cart. We might define a ShoppingCartService which maintains our cart and contains methods for adding and removing items. Because the service is a singleton, and is shared by all other components, any object that needs to can write to the shopping cart and pull data from it. It's always the same cart.
Service objects are self-contained AngularJS components which we can use and reuse as we see fit. They are simple JSON objects containing functions and Data. They are always singletons, so if you store data on a service in one place, you can get that data out somewhere else just by requesting the same service.
Dependency injection (DI) vs. Instatiation - aka de-spaghettification
AngularJS manages your dependencies for you. If you want an object, simply refer to it and AngularJS will get it for you.
Until you start to use this, it's hard to explain just what a massive time boon this is. Nothing like AngularJS DI exists inside jQuery.
DI means that instead of writing your application and wiring it together, you instead define a library of components, each identified by a string.
Say I have a component called 'FlickrService' which defines methods for pulling JSON feeds from Flickr. Now, if I want to write a controller that can access Flickr, I just need to refer to the 'FlickrService' by name when I declare the controller. AngularJS will take care of instantiating the component and making it available to my controller.
For example, here I define a service:
myApp.service('FlickrService', function() {
return {
getFeed: function() { // do something here }
}
});
Now when I want to use that service I just refer to it by name like this:
myApp.controller('myController', ['FlickrService', function(FlickrService) {
FlickrService.getFeed()
}]);
AngularJS will recognise that a FlickrService object is needed to instantiate the controller, and will provide one for us.
This makes wiring things together very easy, and pretty much eliminates any tendency towards spagettification. We have a flat list of components, and AngularJS hands them to us one by one as and when we need them.
Modular service architecture
jQuery says very little about how you should organise your code. AngularJS has opinions.
AngularJS gives you modules into which you can place your code. If you're writing a script that talks to Flickr for example, you might want to create a Flickr module to wrap all your Flickr related functions in. Modules can include other modules (DI). Your main application is usually a module, and this should include all the other modules your application will depend on.
You get simple code reuse, if you want to write another application based on Flickr, you can just include the Flickr module and voila, you have access to all your Flickr related functions in your new application.
Modules contain AngularJS components. When we include a module, all the components in that module become available to us as a simple list identified by their unique strings. We can then inject those components into each other using AngularJS's dependency injection mechanism.
To sum up
AngularJS and jQuery are not enemies. It's possible to use jQuery within AngularJS very nicely. If you're using AngularJS well (templates, data-binding, $scope, directives, etc.) you will find you need a lot less jQuery than you might otherwise require.
The main thing to realise is that your template drives your application. Stop trying to write big plugins that do everything. Instead write little directives that do one thing, then write a simple template to wire them together.
Think less about unobtrusive JavaScript, and instead think in terms of HTML extensions.
My little book
I got so excited about AngularJS, I wrote a short book on it which you're very welcome to read online http://nicholasjohnson.com/angular-book/. I hope it's helpful.
Can you describe the paradigm shift that is necessary?
Imperative vs Declarative
With jQuery you tell the DOM what needs to happen, step by step. With AngularJS you describe what results you want but not how to do it. More on this here. Also, check out Mark Rajcok's answer.
How do I architect and design client-side web apps differently?
AngularJS is an entire client-side framework that uses the MVC pattern (check out their graphical representation). It greatly focuses on separation of concerns.
What is the biggest difference? What should I stop doing/using; what should I start doing/using instead?
jQuery is a library
AngularJS is a beautiful client-side framework, highly testable, that combines tons of cool stuff such as MVC, dependency injection, data binding and much more.
It focuses on separation of concerns and testing (unit testing and end-to-end testing), which facilitates test-driven development.
The best way to start is going through their awesome tutorial. You can go through the steps in a couple of hours; however, in case you want to master the concepts behind the scenes, they include a myriad of reference for further reading.
Are there any server-side considerations/restrictions?
You may use it on existing applications where you are already using pure jQuery. However, if you want to fully take advantage of the AngularJS features you may consider coding the server side using a RESTful approach.
Doing so will allow you to leverage their resource factory, which creates an abstraction of your server side RESTful API and makes server-side calls (get, save, delete, etc.) incredibly easy.
To describe the "paradigm shift", I think a short answer can suffice.
AngularJS changes the way you find elements
In jQuery, you typically use selectors to find elements, and then wire them up:
$('#id .class').click(doStuff);
In AngularJS, you use directives to mark the elements directly, to wire them up:
<a ng-click="doStuff()">
AngularJS doesn't need (or want) you to find elements using selectors - the primary difference between AngularJS's jqLite versus full-blown jQuery is that jqLite does not support selectors.
So when people say "don't include jQuery at all", it's mainly because they don't want you to use selectors; they want you to learn to use directives instead. Direct, not select!
jQuery
jQuery makes ridiculously long JavaScript commands like getElementByHerpDerp shorter and cross-browser.
AngularJS
AngularJS allows you to make your own HTML tags/attributes that do things which work well with dynamic web applications (since HTML was designed for static pages).
Edit:
Saying "I have a jQuery background how do I think in AngularJS?" is like saying "I have an HTML background how do I think in JavaScript?" The fact that you're asking the question shows you most likely don't understand the fundamental purposes of these two resources. This is why I chose to answer the question by simply pointing out the fundamental difference rather than going through the list saying "AngularJS makes use of directives whereas jQuery uses CSS selectors to make a jQuery object which does this and that etc....". This question does not require a lengthy answer.
jQuery is a way to make programming JavaScript in the browser easier. Shorter, cross-browser commands, etc.
AngularJS extends HTML, so you don't have to put <div> all over the place just to make an application. It makes HTML actually work for applications rather than what it was designed for, which is static, educational web pages. It accomplishes this in a roundabout way using JavaScript, but fundamentally it is an extension of HTML, not JavaScript.
jQuery: you think a lot about 'QUERYing the DOM' for DOM elements and doing something.
AngularJS: THE model is the truth, and you always think from that ANGLE.
For example, when you get data from THE server which you intend to display in some format in the DOM, in jQuery, you need to '1. FIND' where in the DOM you want to place this data, the '2. UPDATE/APPEND' it there by creating a new node or just setting its innerHTML. Then when you want to update this view, you then '3. FIND' the location and '4. UPDATE'. This cycle of find and update all done within the same context of getting and formatting data from server is gone in AngularJS.
With AngularJS you have your model (JavaScript objects you are already used to) and the value of the model tells you about the model (obviously) and about the view, and an operation on the model automatically propagates to the view, so you don't have to think about it. You will find yourself in AngularJS no longer finding things in the DOM.
To put in another way, in jQuery, you need to think about CSS selectors, that is, where is the div or td that has a class or attribute, etc., so that I can get their HTML or color or value, but in AngularJS, you will find yourself thinking like this: what model am I dealing with, I will set the model's value to true. You are not bothering yourself of whether the view reflecting this value is a checked box or resides in a td element (details you would have often needed to think about in jQuery).
And with DOM manipulation in AngularJS, you find yourself adding directives and filters, which you can think of as valid HTML extensions.
One more thing you will experience in AngularJS: in jQuery you call the jQuery functions a lot, in AngularJS, AngularJS will call your functions, so AngularJS will 'tell you how to do things', but the benefits are worth it, so learning AngularJS usually means learning what AngularJS wants or the way AngularJS requires that you present your functions and it will call it accordingly. This is one of the things that makes AngularJS a framework rather than a library.
Those are some very nice, but lengthy answers.
To sum up my experiences:
Controllers and providers (services, factories, etc.) are for modifying the data model, NOT HTML.
HTML and directives define the layout and binding to the model.
If you need to share data between controllers, create a service or factory - they are singletons that are shared across the application.
If you need an HTML widget, create a directive.
If you have some data and are now trying to update HTML... STOP! update the model, and make sure your HTML is bound to the model.
jQuery is a DOM manipulation library.
AngularJS is an MV* framework.
In fact, AngularJS is one of the few JavaScript MV* frameworks (many JavaScript MVC tools still fall under the category library).
Being a framework, it hosts your code and takes ownership of decisions about what to call and when!
AngularJS itself includes a jQuery-lite edition within it. So for some basic DOM selection/manipulation, you really don't have to include the jQuery library (it saves many bytes to run on the network.)
AngularJS has the concept of "Directives" for DOM manipulation and designing reusable UI components, so you should use it whenever you feel the need of doing DOM manipulation related stuff (directives are only place where you should write jQuery code while using AngularJS).
AngularJS involves some learning curve (more than jQuery :-).
-->For any developer coming from jQuery background, my first advice would be to "learn JavaScript as a first class language before jumping onto a rich framework like AngularJS!"
I learned the above fact the hard way.
Good luck.
They're apples and oranges. You don't want to compare them. They're two different things. AngularJs has already jQuery lite built in which allows you to perform basic DOM manipulation without even including the full blown jQuery version.
jQuery is all about DOM manipulation. It solves all the cross browser pain otherwise you will have to deal with but it's not a framework that allows you to divide your app into components like AngularJS.
A nice thing about AngularJs is that it allows you to separate/isolate the DOM manipulation in the directives. There are built-in directives ready for you to use such as ng-click. You can create your own custom directives that will contain all your view logic or DOM manipulation so you don't end up mingle DOM manipulation code in the controllers or services that should take care of the business logic.
Angular breaks down your app into
- Controllers
- Services
- Views
- etc.
and there is one more thing, that's the directive. It's an attribute you can attach to any DOM element and you can go nuts with jQuery within it without worrying about your jQuery ever conflicts with AngularJs components or messes up with its architecture.
I heard from a meetup I attended, one of the founders of Angular said they worked really hard to separate out the DOM manipulation so do not try to include them back in.
Listen to the podcast JavaScript Jabber: Episode #32 that features the original creators of AngularJS: Misko Hevery & Igor Minar. They talk a lot about what it's like to come to AngularJS from other JavaScript backgrounds, especially jQuery.
One of the points made in the podcast made a lot of things click for me with respects to your question:
MISKO: [...] one of the things we thought about very hardly in Angular is, how do we provide lots of escape hatches so that you can get out and basically figure out a way out of this. So to us, the answer is this thing called “Directives”. And with directives, you essentially become a regular little jQuery JavaScript, you can do whatever you want.
IGOR: So think of directive as the instruction to the compiler that tells it whenever you come across this certain element or this CSS in the template, and you keep this kind of code and that code is in charge of the element and everything below that element in the DOM tree.
A transcript of the entire episode is available at the link provided above.
So, to directly answer your question: AngularJS is -very- opinionated and is a true MV* framework. However, you can still do all of the really cool stuff you know and love with jQuery inside of directives. It's not a matter of "How do I do what I used to in jQuery?" as much as it's a matter of "How do I supplement AngularJS with all of the stuff I used to do in jQuery?"
It's really two very different states of mind.
I find this question interesting, because my first serious exposure to JavaScript programming was Node.js and AngularJS. I never learned jQuery, and I guess that's a good thing, because I don't have to unlearn anything. In fact, I actively avoid jQuery solutions to my problems, and instead, solely look for an "AngularJS way" to solve them. So, I guess my answer to this question would essentially boil down to, "think like someone who never learned jQuery" and avoid any temptation to incorporate jQuery directly (obviously AngularJS uses it to some extent behind the scenes).
AngularJS and jQuery:
AngularJs and JQuery are completely different at every level except the JQLite functionality and you will see it once you start learning the AngularJs core features (I explained it below).
AngularJs is a client side framework that offers to build the independent client side application. JQuery is a client side library that play around the DOM.
AngularJs Cool Principle - If you want some changes on your UI think from model data change perspective. Change your data and UI will re-render itself. You need not to play around DOM each time unless and until it is hardly required and that should also be handled through Angular Directives.
To answer this question, I want to share my experience on the first enterprise application with AngularJS. These are the most awesome features that Angular provide where we start changing our jQuery mindset and we get the Angular like a framework and not the library.
Two-way data binding is amazing:
I had a grid with all functionality UPDATE, DELTE, INSERT. I have a data object that binds the grid's model using ng-repeat. You only need to write a single line of simple JavaScript code for delete and insert and that's it. grid automatically updates as the grid model changes instantly. Update functionality is real time, no code for it.
You feel amazing!!!
Reusable directives are super:
Write directives in one place and use it throughout the application. OMG!!! I used these directive for paging, regex, validations, etc. It is really cool!
Routing is strong:
It's up to your implementation how you want to use it, but it requires very few lines of code to route the request to specify HTML and controller (JavaScript)
Controllers are great:
Controllers take care of their own HTML, but this separation works well for common functionality well as. If you want to call the same function on the click of a button on master HTML, just write the same function name in each controller and write individual code.
Plugins:
There are many other similar features like showing an overlay in your app. You don't need to write code for it, just use an overlay plugin available as wc-overlay, and this will automatically take care of all XMLHttpRequest (XHR) requests.
Ideal for RESTful architecture:
Being a complete frameworks makes AngularJS great to work with a RESTful architecture. To call REST CRUD APIs is very easier and
Services: Write common codes using services and less code in controllers. Sevices can be used to share common functionalities among the controllers.
Extensibility: Angular has extended the HTML directives using angular directives. Write expressions inside html and evaluate them on runtime. Create your own directives and services and use them in another project without any extra effort.
As a JavaScript MV* beginner and purely focusing on the application architecture (not the server/client-side matters), I would certainly recommend the following resource (which I am surprised wasn't mentioned yet): JavaScript Design Patterns, by Addy Osmani, as an introduction to different JavaScript Design Patterns. The terms used in this answer are taken from the linked document above. I'm not going to repeat what was worded really well in the accepted answer. Instead, this answer links back to the theoretical backgrounds which power AngularJS (and other libraries).
Like me, you will quickly realize that AngularJS (or Ember.js, Durandal, & other MV* frameworks for that matter) is one complex framework assembling many of the different JavaScript design patterns.
I found it easier also, to test (1) native JavaScript code and (2) smaller libraries for each one of these patterns separately before diving into one global framework. This allowed me to better understand which crucial issues a framework adresses (because you are personally faced with the problem).
For example:
JavaScript Object-oriented Programming (this is a Google search link). It is not a library, but certainly a prerequisite to any application programming. It taught me the native implementations of the prototype, constructor, singleton & decorator patterns
jQuery/ Underscore for the facade pattern (like WYSIWYG's for manipulating the DOM)
Prototype.js for the prototype/ constructor/ mixin pattern
RequireJS/ Curl.js for the module pattern/ AMD
KnockoutJS for the observable, publish/subscribe pattern
NB: This list is not complete, nor 'the best libraries'; they just happen to be the libraries I used. These libraries also include more patterns, the ones mentioned are just their main focuses or original intents. If you feel something is missing from this list, please do mention it in the comments, and I will be glad to add it.
Actually, if you're using AngularJS, you don't need jQuery anymore. AngularJS itself has the binding and directive, which is a very good "replacement" for most things you can do with jQuery.
I usually develop mobile applications using AngularJS and Cordova. The ONLY thing from jQuery I needed is the Selector.
By googling, I see that there is a standalone jQuery selector module out there. It's Sizzle.
And I decided to make a tiny code snippet that help me quickly start a website using AngularJS with the power of jQuery Selector (using Sizzle).
I shared my code here: https://github.com/huytd/Sizzular
I'm developing a large scale application. Initially my approach was confused , I am a beginner in javascript even if I develop since January.
I was looking for an mvc approach and I found some guide lines, like :
Model : contains AJAX call , and services
Controller: e.g. jQuery widget and so on
View: e.g. rendering of HTML and so on..
I don't really have clearly how to structure a javascript application following perfectly the three above suggestions. I can do everything, I can manage template I can write jQuery manipulation , I can do AJAX call.
What is not clear to me is how to get really divided these three modules. When I try this approach I'm not able to make any module to do only what it has to do.
I tried also an MV* approach which, for what I see and for my needs maybe it's a better approach, because I have to do bind tons of divs , generate events , all by client side, receiving only data from server side.
What I would like to know:
Which are the really competences of each Module?
If, for example, I have to bind a click event to a button , where do I have to write the
.on('click',callback)
method? Where I have to write the callback he's gonna call?
I wrote : no framework because I'm sure that if I don't understand an approach writing it from scratch, its impossibile I will completely understand the use of a complete framework.
I hope that my doubts were clear, if not, please comment, I'll try to explain better if I can.
Sorry for my english in any case.
This is not an answer because there is no one answer. I just want to mention a few do's and don't's.
Do store pure data in the model. Think of it as business objects rather than display objects. For example, money should be stored in the model as a number, probably with some digits after the decimal point, plus an indicator of what currency it is, if that matters. Don't store the number as a string with local choices of the characters to separate the 1000's and the integer part from the fractional part and the right number of digits after the decimal point.
Do put the handler code for the click events (and similar user actions) in the controller.
Do put the code that causes updates the screen on load or on any external event in the controller. (An external event might be something like an update to a stock price due to stock exchange data or an update to the weather report coming into the application.)
Do put the HTML or the code that generates HTML as part of the view.
Do have the controller call the view to get the display updated/changed at the right times.
Do have either the controller or the view call the model to get the current model data values or the update the the current model data. (See similar "don't" below.)
Do reduce the connectivity between the three parts--M, V and C. Define clearly who can talk to whom for what purpose and keep that rule sacred. If you find an exception, its a smell indicating a problem with the big picture of those rules.
And some more things
Don't put the code that displays the screen on load in the controller. That's clearly a view concern. This means the controller has to call into the view somehow.
Don't spaghetti connect the M, V and C code in random fashions. For example, you might make a rule that the model never calls code in the view or controller.
Don't have both the controller and the view talking to the model.
Questions:
Where does the code go that hooks up the event handlers?
Where do you put the "business logic"? This is the code that knows the rules of your application. Validation, for example, is business logic. Some code may need to know how zip codes look for the US and postal codes for the UK or Canada. If the validation fails, the controller is the one that tells the view to show an error message or red mark or vibrating box or whatever. Does the business logic of validation rules also go in the controller?
Where does the code go that loads data from external data sources? (servers, JSON web services, databases, screen scraping, etc.) You might think "model" but then the model has to call into the controller when new data comes back to tell it to update the view. That doesn't seem right.
Similarly, what is the code that handles the equivalent of a "submit" button, moving to another screen.
If converting data from a form that is displayable on the screen to a form that is pure data is too slow, what do you do?
There are always self-contained portions of the screen that can be built with their own MV&C. How do you set up interactions between multiples of those little MVCs and the big MVC that is the whole screen? Are those little guys the views for the big MVC? Or are the controllers? Can they be both at once? Is there a big model with the little models in it or does data flow between little models and big models? Who knows about all this?
Is there an even bigger MVC comprised of multiple screens? It would probably be on the server if it exists.
How do you handle "synthetic" events? This is something like an "event" that occurs when the data was ok but is now in a bad state (or was incomplete and is now complete). Listeners to this event can disable the "Submit" button and display error messages or animations calling the user attention to the problem. It could be anything that isn't a generic event built into the framework or language. Perhaps its a message to the server indicating a change in the state of a multiplayer game's world view.
This is just a list of things that pop to mind when you are writing your own MVC or when evaluating an existing framework.
There is no clear answer outside a specific framework. Although the general responsibilities of the MVC pattern are (almost) clear to everyone, each framework has its own interpretation of exactly what pieces of code to put in each of these layers - some frameworks even skip some layers, or add different ones instead.
I know you don't want to use a framework, but still, it's worth to have an overview of how the current solutions work, so you can make an informed decision if you like the way they work or if you prefer to roll your own.
I recommend you at least take a look at one server side MVC framework (such as Ruby on Rails or Asp.Net MVC) and some client side MVC frameworks too (Backbone.js, Angular.js, etc. - javascript only). Read their documentations, and learn from the choices others have made (and tested). The site todo mvc can help you to compare different client MVC frameworks to find the approach you like better.
This is not a simple topic, and discussing the pros and cons of each approach from scratch can take forever.
I've just started using Spine.js. I like it.
But sometimes I just need to make a simple call to the backend to get JSON data to fill, say, a navigation bar that won't be changing after it gets populated. Here, making a front end model and controller seem like overkill, when I could just use a simple jQuery call and push the JSON response into a template and inject the result into the DOM.
Is there any disadvantage to this hybrid approach, where some of the view gets managed by JavaScript MVC and others just get injected by simple jQuery Ajax code?
The whole idea behind MVC is separation of concerns. A Model handles data, a View handles display, and a Controller handles flow and in some cases business logic. Sure, you could easily make that jQuery call within your view; after all, JavaScript is wide open, and as long as you can get a reference, you're free to do what you want. But doing that defeats the pattern and muddies the waters of the role your view plays. All in all, if you adopt the design pattern, stick to it. It'll make managing your application months or even years from now a lot easier because you won't have to think about the roles of your components.
I say you should do it for all.
I don't think your choice should be a matter of the difficulty of doing so, its that if you establish a standard, stick to it. Doing so usually saves time in the end.
Well, the first question I always ask when confronted with one-time injected JS is whether that shouldn't happen on the back end in the first place.
As for the matter of consistency, if it takes very little effort to do it the 'wrong' way, go ahead and see what happens. It's not like it will be a ton of work to change it later if needed and I really don't see why you'd burn time and/or unnecessary overhead to your app just to be consistent.
The important thing is that you make it obvious you're not handling that via the MVC approach in your code for the next dev. But at the end of the day, the tool is there to help, not hinder you. We all make some exceptions on the separation of concerns where css, html and JavaScript are concerned as well. The important thing is to understand the true value of the rule so you know what the tradeoff is when you break it. In this case, I don't see much of one.