If I have a function like this:
function a() {
console.log('a');
}
and then assign a static property like this:
a.static = 'foo';
But say I want to override the function with another function like this:
var old = a;
a = function() {
console.log('new');
old.call(this);
};
a.static // undefined
Since I assigned a new function to a, it’s static properties are lost. Is there a neat way to keep the static properties without looping and manually copying them?
Update:
Here’s a real world scenario: In Bootstrap jQuery plugins, the author assigns defaults to the property function like this:
$.fn.modal = function() {
// some code
};
$.fn.modal.defaults = { // some object };
So if I want to "extend" the prototype I would normally do:
var old = $.fn.modal;
$.fn.modal = function() {
// do my thing
old.apply(this, arguments);
}
But that would make
$.fn.modal.defaults === undefined
This will break the functionality, because the defaults are lost. I was wondering if there a sneaky way in javascript to change only the function without losing the static properties.
No, you cannot do this. Replacing the object (function) always takes any properties with it.
There are two solutions here, and both involve transferring the properties from the old object to the new one.
The first (recommended) approach is to copy the properties, which can be done conveniently with $.extend:
$.fn.plugin = $.extend(function() { ... }, $.fn.plugin);
The second option would be to dynamically set the prototype of the new function to be the old function. For example, in some browsers this would work:
var f = function() { ... };
f.__proto__ = $.fn.plugin;
$.fn.plugin = f;
However this is non-standard and might give rise to complications; don't do it.
Related
I'm trying to understand something in JavaScript which confuses me.
Let's say that I want to create a method Guard.ThrowError() in JavaScript, I have 2 approaches for this:
Using an object:
This is basically the approach which I found on the net.
var Guard2 = {
ThrowIfNull: function() {
throw new Error('sdmflsfk');
}
};
Using a Function:
When you create a class "Guard" in TypeScript and you let it compile to JavaScript, you get something like this:
var Guard = (function() {
function Guard() { }
Guard.ThrowIfNull = function () {
throw new Error('sdmflsfk');
};
return Guard;
})();
Both functions can be called using Guard.ThrowIfNull().
I would like to know what's the difference and when choose I choose approach 1 over approach 2?
Thanks for your valuable feedback.
Kind regards
I would like to know what's the difference and when choose I choose approach 1 over approach 2?
The only difference is that Guard is a function in your second example and not a function in your first. So the second one can be called (in that code it doesn't actually do anything, but it can be called); the first can't.
Functions are objects in JavaScript, proper real objects, and so like all other objects, they can have additional properties added to them like your ThrowIfNull.
jQuery is a widely-used example of this: The main function, jQuery (aka $) is used for its function-ness:
$("#foo").on("click", function() { /*...*/ });
...and also for its object-ness, because it has various properties attached to it exactly as you've done with Guard:
$.ajax(/*...*/);
Both approach works because a function in javascript is also an object. The only difference is that you can call a function myFunction(); and you can't do it with a object.
Function approach is used to create classes in JS. Using this approach, you can have private and public properties. This cannot be achieve in object approach. All properties are public in object.
Sample Example
function testClass(){
// Private member
var a = "abc";
var b = "test";
function print(){
console.log(a,b);
}
return {
print: print
}
}
testClass().print();
// testClass().a This will throw error
Guard2- your approach 1 - is somehow a 'static' definition of an object. You can't instatiate another object of that type.
Guard- your approach 2 - is a mixed: it's a definition of an 'automatic class' Guard which gets instantiated. The result is almost the same as you can't instantiate new objects from that as well.
Usually, you would do it like this:
var Guard = function() {
function Guard() { };
Guard.ThrowIfNull = function () {
throw new Error('sdmflsfk');
};
};
var myGuard = new Guard();
I've got 3 codes :
var control = new Control();
function Control() {
this.doSomethingElse = function() {...}
this.doSomething = function () {
control.doSomethingElse();
}
}
Or
var control = new Control();
function Control() {
var self = this;
this.doSomethingElse = function() {...}
this.doSomething = function () {
self.doSomethingElse();
}
}
Or
var control = Control();
function Control() {
var self = this;
this.doSomethingElse = function() {...}
this.doSomething = function () {
self.doSomethingElse();
}
return self;
}
Important : The function is a controller, and just declared once. Then I'm using "control" everywhere in my code...
I was wondering if the control.doSomethingElse() was slow ?
In the end, what is the right thing to do and/or the fastest code in those exemple ?
Thanks !
The first is wrong - an object should never internally use the variable name by which it is known outside. Other code could change that variable to point to something else, breaking this code.
The third is also wrong - when calling Control() without new the assignments to this.foo inside will end up getting attached to the global object (except in strict mode, where there's no implicit this on bare function calls, so the assignment to this.doSomethingElse tries to attach to undefined, causing a runtime error).
That only leaves the second as appropriate, but ultimately it's a question of correctness, not performance.
Do not define methods in constructor - that means defining them every time an instance is created. Use Control.prototype.foo = function() {} instead. Also you do not need to return this if you're using new operator - that's the whole point of new operator.
The recommended approach is this:
function MyClass(param1) {
// Here we're changing the specific instance of an object
this.property1 = param1;
}
// Prototype will be shared with all instances of the object
// any modifications to prototype WILL be shared by all instances
MyClass.prototype.printProperty1 = function() {
console.log(this.property1);
}
var instance = new MyClass("Hello world!");
instance.printProperty1(); // Prints hello world
To understand this code, you need to understand javascript's prototype-based inheritance model. When you create instance of MyClass, you get a new object that inherits any properties present in MyClass.prototype. Read more about it.
Also I wonder:
The function is a controller, and just declared once.
If you're not using this multiple times, you don't need to create something like class. You can do this instead:
var control = {doSomething:function() { ... }};
I assume you are used to Java, where everything must be a class, whether it makes sense or not. Javascript is different, you can also make single objects or functions as you need.
In Ruby I think you can call a method that hasn't been defined and yet capture the name of the method called and do processing of this method at runtime.
Can Javascript do the same kind of thing ?
method_missing does not fit well with JavaScript for the same reason it does not exist in Python: in both languages, methods are just attributes that happen to be functions; and objects often have public attributes that are not callable. Contrast with Ruby, where the public interface of an object is 100% methods.
What is needed in JavaScript is a hook to catch access to missing attributes, whether they are methods or not. Python has it: see the __getattr__ special method.
The __noSuchMethod__ proposal by Mozilla introduced yet another inconsistency in a language riddled with them.
The way forward for JavaScript is the Proxy mechanism (also in ECMAscript Harmony), which is closer to the Python protocol for customizing attribute access than to Ruby's method_missing.
The ruby feature that you are explaining is called "method_missing" http://rubylearning.com/satishtalim/ruby_method_missing.htm.
It's a brand new feature that is present only in some browsers like Firefox (in the spider monkey Javascript engine). In SpiderMonkey it's called "__noSuchMethod__" https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/NoSuchMethod
Please read this article from Yehuda Katz http://yehudakatz.com/2008/08/18/method_missing-in-javascript/ for more details about the upcoming implementation.
Not at the moment, no. There is a proposal for ECMAScript Harmony, called proxies, which implements a similar (actually, much more powerful) feature, but ECMAScript Harmony isn't out yet and probably won't be for a couple of years.
You can use the Proxy class.
var myObj = {
someAttr: 'foo'
};
var p = new Proxy(myObj, {
get: function (target, methodOrAttributeName) {
// target is the first argument passed into new Proxy, aka. target is myObj
// First give the target a chance to handle it
if (Object.keys(target).indexOf(methodOrAttributeName) !== -1) {
return target[methodOrAttributeName];
}
// If the target did not have the method/attribute return whatever we want
// Explicitly handle certain cases
if (methodOrAttributeName === 'specialPants') {
return 'trousers';
}
// return our generic method_missing function
return function () {
// Use the special "arguments" object to access a variable number arguments
return 'For show, myObj.someAttr="' + target.someAttr + '" and "'
+ methodOrAttributeName + '" called with: ['
+ Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments).join(',') + ']';
}
}
});
console.log(p.specialPants);
// outputs: trousers
console.log(p.unknownMethod('hi', 'bye', 'ok'));
// outputs:
// For show, myObj.someAttr="foo" and "unknownMethod" called with: [hi,bye,ok]
About
You would use p in place of myObj.
You should be careful with get because it intercepts all attribute requests of p. So, p.specialPants() would result in an error because specialPants returns a string and not a function.
What's really going on with unknownMethod is equivalent to the following:
var unk = p.unkownMethod;
unk('hi', 'bye', 'ok');
This works because functions are objects in javascript.
Bonus
If you know the number of arguments you expect, you can declare them as normal in the returned function.
eg:
...
get: function (target, name) {
return function(expectedArg1, expectedArg2) {
...
I've created a library for javascript that let you use method_missing in javascript: https://github.com/ramadis/unmiss
It uses ES6 Proxies to work. Here is an example using ES6 Class inheritance. However you can also use decorators to achieve the same results.
import { MethodMissingClass } from 'unmiss'
class Example extends MethodMissingClass {
methodMissing(name, ...args) {
console.log(`Method ${name} was called with arguments: ${args.join(' ')}`);
}
}
const instance = new Example;
instance.what('is', 'this');
> Method what was called with arguments: is this
No, there is no metaprogramming capability in javascript directly analogous to ruby's method_missing hook. The interpreter simply raises an Error which the calling code can catch but cannot be detected by the object being accessed. There are some answers here about defining functions at run time, but that's not the same thing. You can do lots of metaprogramming, changing specific instances of objects, defining functions, doing functional things like memoizing and decorators. But there's no dynamic metaprogramming of missing functions as there is in ruby or python.
I came to this question because I was looking for a way to fall through to another object if the method wasn't present on the first object. It's not quite as flexible as what your asking - for instance if a method is missing from both then it will fail.
I was thinking of doing this for a little library I've got that helps configure extjs objects in a way that also makes them more testable. I had seperate calls to actually get hold of the objects for interaction and thought this might be a nice way of sticking those calls together by effectively returning an augmented type
I can think of two ways of doing this:
Prototypes
You can do this using prototypes - as stuff falls through to the prototype if it isn't on the actual object. It seems like this wouldn't work if the set of functions you want drop through to use the this keyword - obviously your object wont know or care about stuff that the other one knows about.
If its all your own code and you aren't using this and constructors ... which is a good idea for lots of reasons then you can do it like this:
var makeHorse = function () {
var neigh = "neigh";
return {
doTheNoise: function () {
return neigh + " is all im saying"
},
setNeigh: function (newNoise) {
neigh = newNoise;
}
}
};
var createSomething = function (fallThrough) {
var constructor = function () {};
constructor.prototype = fallThrough;
var instance = new constructor();
instance.someMethod = function () {
console.log("aaaaa");
};
instance.callTheOther = function () {
var theNoise = instance.doTheNoise();
console.log(theNoise);
};
return instance;
};
var firstHorse = makeHorse();
var secondHorse = makeHorse();
secondHorse.setNeigh("mooo");
var firstWrapper = createSomething(firstHorse);
var secondWrapper = createSomething(secondHorse);
var nothingWrapper = createSomething();
firstWrapper.someMethod();
firstWrapper.callTheOther();
console.log(firstWrapper.doTheNoise());
secondWrapper.someMethod();
secondWrapper.callTheOther();
console.log(secondWrapper.doTheNoise());
nothingWrapper.someMethod();
//this call fails as we dont have this method on the fall through object (which is undefined)
console.log(nothingWrapper.doTheNoise());
This doesn't work for my use case as the extjs guys have not only mistakenly used 'this' they've also built a whole crazy classical inheritance type system on the principal of using prototypes and 'this'.
This is actually the first time I've used prototypes/constructors and I was slightly baffled that you can't just set the prototype - you also have to use a constructor. There is a magic field in objects (at least in firefox) call __proto which is basically the real prototype. it seems the actual prototype field is only used at construction time... how confusing!
Copying methods
This method is probably more expensive but seems more elegant to me and will also work on code that is using this (eg so you can use it to wrap library objects). It will also work on stuff written using the functional/closure style aswell - I've just illustrated it with this/constructors to show it works with stuff like that.
Here's the mods:
//this is now a constructor
var MakeHorse = function () {
this.neigh = "neigh";
};
MakeHorse.prototype.doTheNoise = function () {
return this.neigh + " is all im saying"
};
MakeHorse.prototype.setNeigh = function (newNoise) {
this.neigh = newNoise;
};
var createSomething = function (fallThrough) {
var instance = {
someMethod : function () {
console.log("aaaaa");
},
callTheOther : function () {
//note this has had to change to directly call the fallThrough object
var theNoise = fallThrough.doTheNoise();
console.log(theNoise);
}
};
//copy stuff over but not if it already exists
for (var propertyName in fallThrough)
if (!instance.hasOwnProperty(propertyName))
instance[propertyName] = fallThrough[propertyName];
return instance;
};
var firstHorse = new MakeHorse();
var secondHorse = new MakeHorse();
secondHorse.setNeigh("mooo");
var firstWrapper = createSomething(firstHorse);
var secondWrapper = createSomething(secondHorse);
var nothingWrapper = createSomething();
firstWrapper.someMethod();
firstWrapper.callTheOther();
console.log(firstWrapper.doTheNoise());
secondWrapper.someMethod();
secondWrapper.callTheOther();
console.log(secondWrapper.doTheNoise());
nothingWrapper.someMethod();
//this call fails as we dont have this method on the fall through object (which is undefined)
console.log(nothingWrapper.doTheNoise());
I was actually anticipating having to use bind in there somewhere but it appears not to be necessary.
Not to my knowledge, but you can simulate it by initializing the function to null at first and then replacing the implementation later.
var foo = null;
var bar = function() { alert(foo()); } // Appear to use foo before definition
// ...
foo = function() { return "ABC"; } /* Define the function */
bar(); /* Alert box pops up with "ABC" */
This trick is similar to a C# trick for implementing recursive lambdas, as described here.
The only downside is that if you do use foo before it's defined, you'll get an error for trying to call null as though it were a function, rather than a more descriptive error message. But you would expect to get some error message for using a function before it's defined.
I have the following code: http://jsfiddle.net/pepNU/1/
I want to make a static reference to "YourGame" and indeed the "Settings" inside it, so the only way I could think of doing this was add it as a private variable(class if you will) and then reference it as a variable in the return of YourGame, thus it could be called like:
YourGame.Settings.GetFrameRate();
What are your thoughts on this? Should I be doing something more like this to namespace:
YourGame.Settings = function...
I obviously cannot just plonk the function inside the return as I then cannot get to the GetFrameRate() function returning within the Settings with a simple call like the aforementioned
What you did is fine, but since you just need a single instance and there is no constructor logic, you could also have used an object literal:
var YourGame = {
Settings : {
// ...
},
// ...
}
If you need an instantiable "class" with "static" properties, you can also add properties to the constructor directly:
var YourGame = function() {
// constructor logic
}
YourGame.foo = 10; // static property
var game = new YourGame; // instance
game.foo; // undefined
YourGame.foo; // 10
As a somewhat hacky method of disabling functionality, I came up with the idea of using some javascript like this:
//fakefrob.js
var frob = function () {
return {
myFunc: function(){},
myFunc1: function(){},
myFunc2: function(){return 2;},
myFunc3: function(){},
myFunc4: function(){}
};
}();
In this example, the real frob has implementations of these functions. Obviously this is a hack (the functions mostly do nothing or have placeholder return values). If I add foobar to realfrob.js, I must add an empty implementation of foobar to fakefrob.js. Is there a way (ideally without using a library) to write fakefrob.js such that frob.foobar acts like foobar was defined as function(){};, without actually adding foobar to fakefrob.js?
Is there a way (ideally without using a library) to write fakefrob.js such that frob.foobar acts like foobar was defined as function(){};, without actually adding foobar to fakefrob.js?
You mean, a catch-all property, mapped to a no-op function? No, JavaScript doesn't (currently) have catch-all properties at all. (I believe some mechanism for them is being considered, as part of the proxy stuff coming down the pike at some stage.)
If you have access to the real frob in your code, though, your fakefrob can be generated completely automatically:
// Assumes `frob` already exists
(function() {
var mock;
var name;
// Build the mock, with a function for each function
// on the real object.
mock = {};
for (name in frob) {
if (typeof frob[name] === "function") {
mock[name] = function() { };
}
}
// Replace the original
frob = mock;
})();
And of course, if you wanted to copy the non-function properties, you could do that at the same time.
Note that I intentionally did not include hasOwnProperty in the loop above, as I assume you want your mock to include functions even if frob inherits them from a prototype.
If frob inherits some functions and you wanted your mock to exhibit the same hasOwnPropety behavior for them as the original frob, you can get more creative:
// Assumes `frob` already exists
(function() {
var mock;
var mockProto;
var name;
function FakeFrob() {
}
mockProto = FakeFrob.prototype;
// Build the mock, with a function for each function
// on the real object.
mock = new FakeFrob();
for (name in frob) {
if (typeof frob[name] === "function") {
if (frob.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
mock[name] = function() { };
}
else {
mockProto[name] = function() { };
}
}
}
// Replace the original
frob = mock;
})();
Now, if the original frob had its own foo (frob.hasOwnProperty("foo") is true) but an inherited bar (frob.hasOwnProperty("bar") is false), hasOwnProperty on your mock would say exactly the same thing.
As T.J. Crowder suggests, supported browsers can use a proxy object to accomplish this:
var frob = new Proxy({}, {get: function(){return function(){}}})
How this works:
This creates a proxy which intercepts all property getters, replacing the result with an empty function. Normally, a proxy object is used to to intercept and eventually forward calls to our target (here, the target is {}). However, this code blindly returning an empty function, completely ignoring the target.