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Pass Variables by Reference in Javascript
I desperately look for a solution. I have a javascript project to finish and the only thing that stays in my way is this little thing. I only need something like and ampersand in c to put next to a function parameter so it be passed by reference and it would change outside of the function.
Now I know there are other ways. But in my case this is the only thing that will help me.
This is a program that creates binary search trees and I originally made it in c++ but I need to convert it to javascript cause I will show how the tree is generated while the code executes. This is my project. So to create the binary structure only something like an ampersand would help me.
function nod()
{
var info;
var left;
var right;
}
var rad;
rad = new nod();
rad = null;
function create(rad,x) // create(nod *&rad, int x) in c++
{
if(rad==null)
{
rad = new nod();
rad.info = x ;
rad.left = rad.right = null;
}
else
{
if(x < rad.info)
{
create(rad.left,x);
}
else
{
create(rad.right,x);
}
}
}
function read(rad) // read(nod *&rad) in c++
{
var input = [
0,
10,
2,
1,
8,
9,
4,
5,
3,
6,
20,
11,
30,
21,
31,
22,
23,
];
var i;
for(i=1;i<=16;i++)
{
create(rad,input[i]);
}
}
read(rad);
In javascript objects are passed by reference. So try passing your values as objects.
Hint: Try passing it like this {value:your_value}
Not tested, but if you don't desperately need recursion, you can use this:
function create(rad, x) // create(nod *&rad, int x) in c++
{
var result = new nod();
result.info = x;
result.left = result.right = null;
while (true) {
if (x < rad.info) {
if (rad.left) {
rad = rad.left;
continue;
}
rad.left = result;
break;
} else
if (rad.right) {
rad = rad.right;
continue;
}
rad.right = result;
break;
}
}
}
I read here (Douglas Crockford) using prototype operator to add methods to Javascript classes saves also memory.
Then I read in this John Resig's article "Instantiating a function with a bunch of prototype properties is very, very, fast", but is he talking about using prototype in the standard way, or is he talking about his specific example in his article?
For example, is creating this object:
function Class1()
{
this.showMsg = function(string) { alert(string); }
}
var c = new Class1();
c.showMsg();
slower than creating this object, then?
function Class1() {}
Class1.prototype.showMsg = function(string) { alert(string); }
var c = new Class1();
c.showMsg();
P.S.
I know prototype is used to create inheritance and singleton object etc. But this question does not have anyhting to do with these subjects.
EDIT: to whom it might be interested also in performance comparison between a JS object and a JS static objet can read this answer below. Static object are definitely faster, obviously they can be usued only when you don't need more than one instance of the object.
Edit in 2021:
This question was asked in 2010 when class was not available in JS. Nowadays, class has been so optimized that there is no excuse not to use it. If you need to use new, use class. But back in 2010 you had two options when binding methods to their object constructors -- one was to bind functions inside the function constructor using this and the other was to bind them outside the constructor using prototype. #MarcoDemaio's question has very concise examples. When class was added to JS, early implementations were close in performance, but usually slower. That's not remotely true anymore. Just use class. I can think of no reason to use prototype today.
It was an interesting question, so I ran some very simple tests (I should have restarted my browsers to clear out the memory, but I didn't; take this for what it's worth). It looks like at least on Safari and Firefox, prototype runs significantly faster [edit: not 20x as stated earlier]. I'm sure a real-world test with fully-featured objects would be a better comparison. The code I ran was this (I ran the tests several times, separately):
var X,Y, x,y, i, intNow;
X = function() {};
X.prototype.message = function(s) { var mymessage = s + "";}
X.prototype.addition = function(i,j) { return (i *2 + j * 2) / 2; }
Y = function() {
this.message = function(s) { var mymessage = s + "";}
this.addition = function(i,j) { return (i *2 + j * 2) / 2; }
};
intNow = (new Date()).getTime();
for (i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
y = new Y();
y.message('hi');
y.addition(i,2)
}
console.log((new Date()).getTime() - intNow); //FF=5206ms; Safari=1554
intNow = (new Date()).getTime();
for (i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
x = new X();
x.message('hi');
x.addition(i,2)
}
console.log((new Date()).getTime() - intNow);//FF=3894ms;Safari=606
It's a real shame, because I really hate using prototype. I like my object code to be self-encapsulated, and not allowed to drift. I guess when speed matters, though, I don't have a choice. Darn.
[Edit] Many thanks to #Kevin who pointed out my previous code was wrong, giving a huge boost to the reported speed of the prototype method. After fixing, prototype is still around significantly faster, but the difference is not as enormous.
I would guess that it depends on the type of object you want to create. I ran a similar test as Andrew, but with a static object, and the static object won hands down. Here's the test:
var X, Y, Z, x, y, z;
X = function() {};
X.prototype.message = function(s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
}
X.prototype.addition = function(i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
}
Y = function() {
this.message = function(s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
}
this.addition = function(i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
}
};
Z = {
message: function(s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
},
addition: function(i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
}
}
function TestPerformance() {
var closureStartDateTime = new Date();
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
y = new Y();
y.message('hi');
y.addition(i, 2);
}
var closureEndDateTime = new Date();
var prototypeStartDateTime = new Date();
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
x = new X();
x.message('hi');
x.addition(i, 2);
}
var prototypeEndDateTime = new Date();
var staticObjectStartDateTime = new Date();
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
z = Z; // obviously you don't really need this
z.message('hi');
z.addition(i, 2);
}
var staticObjectEndDateTime = new Date();
var closureTime = closureEndDateTime.getTime() - closureStartDateTime.getTime();
var prototypeTime = prototypeEndDateTime.getTime() - prototypeStartDateTime.getTime();
var staticTime = staticObjectEndDateTime.getTime() - staticObjectStartDateTime.getTime();
console.log("Closure time: " + closureTime + ", prototype time: " + prototypeTime + ", static object time: " + staticTime);
}
TestPerformance();
This test is a modification of code I found at:
Link
Results:
IE6: closure time: 1062, prototype time: 766, static object time: 406
IE8: closure time: 781, prototype time: 406, static object time: 188
FF: closure time: 233, prototype time: 141, static object time: 94
Safari: closure time: 152, prototype time: 12, static object time: 6
Chrome: closure time: 13, prototype time: 8, static object time: 3
The lesson learned is that if you DON'T have a need to instantiate many different objects from the same class, then creating it as a static object wins hands down. So think carefully about what kind of class you really need.
So I decided to test this as well. I tested creation time, execution time, and memory use. I used Nodejs v0.8.12 and the mocha test framework running on a Mac Book Pro booted into Windows 7. The 'fast' results are using prototypes and the 'slow' ones are using module pattern. I created 1 million of each type of object and then accessed the 4 methods in each object. Here are the results:
c:\ABoxAbove>mocha test/test_andrew.js
Fast Allocation took:170 msec
·Fast Access took:826 msec
state[0] = First0
Free Memory:5006495744
·Slow Allocation took:999 msec
·Slow Access took:599 msec
state[0] = First0
Free Memory:4639649792
Mem diff:358248k
Mem overhead per obj:366.845952bytes
? 4 tests complete (2.6 seconds)
The code is as follows:
var assert = require("assert"), os = require('os');
function Fast (){}
Fast.prototype = {
state:"",
getState:function (){return this.state;},
setState:function (_state){this.state = _state;},
name:"",
getName:function (){return this.name;},
setName:function (_name){this.name = _name;}
};
function Slow (){
var state, name;
return{
getState:function (){return this.state;},
setState:function (_state){this.state = _state;},
getName:function (){return this.name;},
setName:function (_name){this.name = _name;}
};
}
describe('test supposed fast prototype', function(){
var count = 1000000, i, objs = [count], state = "First", name="Test";
var ts, diff, mem;
it ('should allocate a bunch of objects quickly', function (done){
ts = Date.now ();
for (i = 0; i < count; ++i){objs[i] = new Fast ();}
diff = Date.now () - ts;
console.log ("Fast Allocation took:%d msec", diff);
done ();
});
it ('should access a bunch of objects quickly', function (done){
ts = Date.now ();
for (i = 0; i < count; ++i){
objs[i].setState (state + i);
assert (objs[i].getState () === state + i, "States should be equal");
objs[i].setName (name + i);
assert (objs[i].getName () === name + i, "Names should be equal");
}
diff = Date.now() - ts;
console.log ("Fast Access took:%d msec", diff);
console.log ("state[0] = " + objs[0].getState ());
mem = os.freemem();
console.log ("Free Memory:" + mem + "\n");
done ();
});
it ('should allocate a bunch of objects slowly', function (done){
ts = Date.now ();
for (i = 0; i < count; ++i){objs[i] = Slow ();}
diff = Date.now() - ts;
console.log ("Slow Allocation took:%d msec", diff);
done ();
});
it ('should access a bunch of objects slowly', function (done){
ts = Date.now ();
for (i = 0; i < count; ++i){
objs[i].setState (state + i);
assert (objs[i].getState () === state + i, "States should be equal");
objs[i].setName (name + i);
assert (objs[i].getName () === name + i, "Names should be equal");
}
diff = Date.now() - ts;
console.log ("Slow Access took:%d msec", diff);
console.log ("state[0] = " + objs[0].getState ());
var mem2 = os.freemem();
console.log ("Free Memory:" + mem2 + "\n");
console.log ("Mem diff:" + (mem - mem2) / 1024 + "k");
console.log ("Mem overhead per obj:" + (mem - mem2) / count + 'bytes');
done ();
});
});
Conclusion: This backs up what others in this post have found. If you are constantly creating objects then the prototype mechanism is clearly faster. If your code spends most of its time accessing objects then the module pattern is faster. If you are sensitive about memory use, the prototype mechanism uses ~360 bytes less per object.
Intuitively, it seems that it would be more memory-efficient and faster to create functions on the prototype: the function's only created once, not each time a new instance is created.
However, there will be a slight performance difference when it's time to access the function. When c.showMsg is referenced, the JavaScript runtime first checks for the property on c. If it's not found, c's prototype is then checked.
So, creating the property on the instance would result in slightly faster access time - but this might only be an issue for a very deep prototype hierarchy.
We need to separate object construction and usage.
When declaring a function on a prototype, it is shared between all instances. When declaring a function in a constructor, this is recreated every time new instance is made. Given that, we need to benchmark construction and usage separately to have better results. That is what I did and want to share the results with you. This benchmark does not test for speed of construction.
function ThisFunc() {
this.value = 0;
this.increment = function(){
this.value++;
}
}
function ProtFunc() {
this.value = 0;
}
ProtFunc.prototype.increment = function (){
this.value++;
}
function ClosFunc() {
var value = 0;
return {
increment:function(){
value++;
}
};
}
var thisInstance = new ThisFunc;
var iterations = 1000000;
var intNow = (new Date()).getTime();
for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
thisInstance.increment();
}
console.log(`ThisFunc: ${(new Date()).getTime() - intNow}`); // 27ms node v4.6.0
var protInstance = new ProtFunc;
intNow = (new Date()).getTime();
for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
protInstance.increment();
}
console.log(`ProtFunc: ${(new Date()).getTime() - intNow}`); // 4ms node v4.6.0
var closInstance = ClosFunc();
intNow = (new Date()).getTime();
for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
closInstance.increment();
}
console.log(`ClosFunc: ${(new Date()).getTime() - intNow}`); // 7ms node v4.6.0
From these results we can see that the prototype version is the fastest (4ms), but the closure version is very close (7ms). You may still need to benchmark for your particular case.
So:
We can use prototype version when we need to have every bit of performance or share functions between instances.
We can use other versions when what we want is the features they provide. (private state encapsulation, readability etc.)
PS: I used Andrew's answer as a reference. Used the same loops and notation.
I ran my own tests.
The first conclusion is, that static access is actually slower than real prototyping. Interestingly, the Version 23 of this test has a flawed prototyping (Variable X) in it, which just returns the completely overridden prototype object over and over again and when I was creating my test, this prototyping was still slower than my "real prototype" test.
Anyway, to the answer: Unless my test is flawed, it shows that real prototyping is fastest. It beats or is at least equal to the static object when ignoring instantiation. this-assignments on instantiation and private variables are both much slower. I wouldn't have guessed private variables would be this slow.
It might be of interest that I extended the prototype Object with jQuery.extend in between and it was about the same speed as the direct assignment. The extend was outside the test itself, of course. At least this is a way to circumvent writing annoying ".prototype."-Parts all the time.
High Resolution Browser Performance API Tests
None of the tests here are taking advantage of the performance API for high resolution testing so I wrote one that will show current fastest results for many different scenarios including 2 that are faster than any of the other answers on most runs.
Fasted in each category (10,000 iterations)
Property access only (~0.5ms): { __proto__: Type }
Looping object creation with property access (<3ms): Object.create(Type)
The code uses ES6 without babel transpilation to ensure accuracy. It works in current chrome. Run the test below to see the breakdown.
function profile () {
function test ( name
, define
, construct
, { index = 0
, count = 10000
, ordinals = [ 0, 1 ]
, constructPrior = false
} = {}
) {
performance.clearMarks()
performance.clearMeasures()
const symbols = { type: Symbol('type') }
const marks = (
{ __proto__: null
, start: `${name}_start`
, define: `${name}_define`
, construct: `${name}_construct`
, end: `${name}_end`
}
)
performance.mark(marks.start)
let Type = define()
performance.mark(marks.define)
let obj = constructPrior ? construct(Type) : null
do {
if(!constructPrior)
obj = construct(Type)
if(index === 0)
performance.mark(marks.construct)
const measureOrdinal = ordinals.includes(index)
if(measureOrdinal)
performance.mark(`${name}_ordinal_${index}_pre`)
obj.message('hi')
obj.addition(index, 2)
if(measureOrdinal)
performance.mark(`${name}_ordinal_${index}_post`)
} while (++index < count)
performance.mark(marks.end)
const measureMarks = Object.assign (
{ [`${name}_define`]: [ marks.start, marks.define ]
, [`${name}_construct`]: [ marks.define, marks.construct ]
, [`${name}_loop`]: [ marks.construct, marks.end ]
, [`${name}_total`]: [ marks.start, marks.end ]
}
, ordinals.reduce((reduction, i) => Object.assign(reduction, { [`${name}_ordinal_${i}`]: [ `${name}_ordinal_${i}_pre`, `${name}_ordinal_${i}_post` ] }), {})
)
Object.keys(measureMarks).forEach((key) => performance.measure(key, ...measureMarks[key]))
const measures = performance.getEntriesByType('measure').map(x => Object.assign(x, { endTime: x.startTime + x.duration }))
measures.sort((a, b) => a.endTime - b.endTime)
const durations = measures.reduce((reduction, measure) => Object.assign(reduction, { [measure.name]: measure.duration }), {})
return (
{ [symbols.type]: 'profile'
, profile: name
, duration: durations[`${name}_total`]
, durations
, measures
}
)
}
const refs = (
{ __proto__: null
, message: function(s) { var mymessage = s + '' }
, addition: function(i, j) { return (i *2 + j * 2) / 2 }
}
)
const testArgs = [
[ 'constructor'
, function define() {
return function Type () {
this.message = refs.message
this.addition = refs.addition
}
}
, function construct(Type) {
return new Type()
}
]
, [ 'prototype'
, function define() {
function Type () {
}
Type.prototype.message = refs.message
Type.prototype.addition = refs.addition
return Type
}
, function construct(Type) {
return new Type()
}
]
, [ 'Object.create'
, function define() {
return (
{ __proto__: null
, message: refs.message
, addition: refs.addition
}
)
}
, function construct(Type) {
return Object.create(Type)
}
]
, [ 'proto'
, function define() {
return (
{ __proto__: null
, message: refs.message
, addition: refs.addition
}
)
}
, function construct(Type) {
return { __proto__: Type }
}
]
]
return testArgs.reduce(
(reduction, [ name, ...args ]) => (
Object.assign( reduction
, { [name]: (
{ normal: test(name, ...args, { constructPrior: true })
, reconstruct: test(`${name}_reconstruct`, ...args, { constructPrior: false })
}
)
}
)
)
, {})
}
let profiled = profile()
const breakdown = Object.keys(profiled).reduce((reduction, name) => [ ...reduction, ...Object.keys(profiled[name]).reduce((r, type) => [ ...r, { profile: `${name}_${type}`, duration: profiled[name][type].duration } ], []) ], [])
breakdown.sort((a, b) => a.duration - b.duration)
try {
const Pre = props => React.createElement('pre', { children: JSON.stringify(props.children, null, 2) })
ReactDOM.render(React.createElement(Pre, { children: { breakdown, profiled } }), document.getElementById('profile'))
} catch(err) {
console.error(err)
}
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.1.0/react.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.1.0/react-dom.min.js"></script>
<div id="profile"></div>
I'm sure that as far as instantiating the object goes, it's way faster and also consumes less memory, no doubts about that, but I would think that the javascript engine needs to loop through all the properties of the object to determine if the property/method invoked is part of that object and if not, then go check for the prototype. I am not 100% sure about this but I'm assuming that's how it works and if so, then in SOME cases where your object has a LOT of methods added to it, instantiated only once and used heavily, then it could possibly be a little slower, but that's just a supposition I haven't tested anything.
But in the end, I would still agree that as a general rules, using prototype will be faster.
Funny thing though. It depends not that much on which type of object you create and it matters how you write an example. Likewise i ran similar test as shmuel613 who wrote a similair test as Andrew. The first test is creating a single instance of a constructor, a class and an object literal and then measures the speed of execution from the constructor's instance functions, class's prototype methods and object literal's static functions:
var Y, Z, x, y, z;
class X {
message(s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
};
addition(i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
};
};
Y = function () {
this.message = function (s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
};
this.addition = function (i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
};
};
Z = {
message(s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
},
addition(i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
}
}
function TestPerformance() {
console.time("Closure time:");
y = new Y(); // create a single instance
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
// I am comparing a single instance with the other single instances
y.message('hi');
y.addition(i, 2);
}
console.timeEnd("Closure time:");
console.time("Prototype time:");
x = new X(); // create a single instance
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
// I am comparing a single instance with the other single instances
x.message('hi');
x.addition(i, 2);
}
console.timeEnd("Prototype time:");
console.time("Static object time:");
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
z = Z; // obviously you don't really need this
z.message('hi');
z.addition(i, 2);
}
console.timeEnd("Static object time:");
}
TestPerformance();
The second test measures the speed of execution of creating many instances of a constructor, a class and object literals followed by executing the instance functions, prototype methods and static methods:
var Y, x, y, z;
class X {
message(s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
};
addition(i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
};
};
Y = function () {
this.message = function (s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
};
this.addition = function (i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
};
};
function TestPerformance() {
console.time("Closure time:");
//y = new Y()
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
y = new Y(); // creating an instance
y.message('hi');
y.addition(i, 2);
}
console.timeEnd("Closure time:");
console.time("Prototype time:");
//x = new X();
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
x = new X(); // creating an instance
x.message('hi');
x.addition(i, 2);
}
console.timeEnd("Prototype time:");
console.time("Static object time:");
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
z = {
message(s) {
var mymessage = s + "";
},
addition(i, j) {
return (i * 2 + j * 2) / 2;
}
}; // creating an instance such as from factory functions
z.message('hi');
z.addition(i, 2);
}
console.timeEnd("Static object time:");
}
TestPerformance();
The lesson learned is that DON'T blindly evolve a prejudice against something without being thorough. The execution speed from instance functions of a constructor (pre ES2016 classes) and the speed from prototype methods of a class are really just as fast as the execution speed from static functions of a object. However the creation speed followed by execution speed of a constructor instance with instance functions versus the creation speed of a class instance with prototype methods versus the creation speed of object literals with static methods shows rather that classes with prototype methods are faster created and executed on Chrome, Microsoft edge, and Opera. The creation speed of an object literal with static methods is only faster at Mozilla firefox
So, creating the property on the instance would result in slightly faster access time - but this might only be an issue for a very deep prototype hierarchy.
Actually the result is different then we could expect - access time to prototyped methods is faster then accessing to the methods attached exactly to the object (FF tested).